Pathophysiology Exam 1_part 2 (cancer and Neurology)

Continued from Pathophysiology exam 1.

31 cards   |   Total Attempts: 188
  

Cards In This Set

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Neoplasia
Disease of cell growth, division, and differentiation
Benign (non-cancerous tumors)
Have localized, clear margins (encapsulated), non-invasive, slow growing, well-differentiated
-May be functional as glandular tissue, but is not under control of normal cells
Malignant
Rapid growth, no clear margins (invasive)
Aneuploidy (abnormal number of chromosomes), uncontrolled cellular multiplication, lytic enzymes
-Decreased cell adhesion, increased motility (metastatic)
-Angiogensis (abnormal vessels)
Can brain cancer cells metastasize?
No. They isn't any lymph nodes to travel into.
What is the process of cell invasion?
 Attachment
*Cell adheres to basement membrane. Breaks loose from neighboring cells (no gap junctions)
Degradation
*Begins to break down the basement membrane
Migration
*Cells invade basement membrane, breaking through it
*Can be attacked/destroyed by immune system if alone or with few accompanying cells; if many cells undergo these steps, it is unlikely that immune response will be enough to stop it.
What kind of cancer is carcinoma?
Epithelial
What kind of cancer is sarcoma?
CT or muscle
What kind of cancer is glioma?
Glial cells (nervous system)
What kind of cancer is neuroblastoma?
Neurons
What kind of cancer is lymphonia?
Lymphocytes
What kind of cancer is leukemia?
Any or all WBCs
Epigenetic modifications
Refers to modications made on top of the chromosomal structure.
DNA is correct; added or subtracted chemical radials [phosphate and methyl groups] that turn off or turn on copying of certain stretches of DNA
P53 protein
"Guardian of the genome"
-Proofreads DNA strand prior to mitosis to make sure DNA is copied correctly
-if p53 isn't working correctly, more mutations will accumulate as DNA is copied
*Errors in p53 show up in about 50% of all cancers; seen more frequently with terminal cancers
Telomerase activation causes...
....a prevention of normal shortening of telomeres at end of chromosomes
-Telomeres are the bits of DNA at the end of chromosomes that keep DNA from being lost during copying. They shorten with every copying, limiting how many times a cell can divide. If telomerase is activated, protein telomerease will be made, which prevents the normal shortening of telomeres. This allows for an infinite number of divisions.
Substition mutation
Substiting one nucleotide for another.
Less severe, changes amino acid that goes into a protein.