Internal Troubles, External Threats

Sense of responsibility to the “weaker races”, an effort to apply Darwin’s evolutionary theory to human history

Taiping Uprising was in China when bandits and peasants started to rebel
5. resolution of the Taiping rebellion consolidated the power of the provincial gentry landowners even more a. intense conservatism, so China’s problems weren’t resolved b. the massive civil war had seriously weakened the Chinese economy c. 20 million–30 million people died in the rebellion

Show the transformation of China’s relationship with Europe. first Opium War (1839–1842), which they won -war was ended by Treaty of Nanjing (1842), which imposed restrictions on Chinese sovereignty and opened five ports to European traders-forced Chinese to accept free trade and “proper” relations among countries
second Opium War (1856–1858)

-Europeans vandalized the imperial Summer Palace-more treaty ports were opened to foreigners-China was opened to foreign missionaries-Western powers were given the right to patrol some of China’s interior waterways-Chinese were forbidden to use the character for “barbarians” to refer to the British in official documents
-China was also defeated by the French (1885) and the Japanese (1895) and lost control of Vietnam, Korea, and Taiwan-Qing dynasty was deeply weakened at a time when China needed a strong government to deal with modernization-“unequal treaties” inhibited China’s industrialization

“unequal treaties” inhibited China’s industrialization

The Self-Strengthening Movement c 1861–1895, was a period of institutional reforms initiated during the late Qing Dynasty following a series of military defeats and concessions to foreign powers.To make peace with the Western powers in China, Prince Gong was made regent

(1900): militia organizations killed many Europeans and Chinese Christians, besieged foreign embassies in Beijing-Western powers and Japan occupied Beijing to crush the revolt-imposed massive reparation payments on China

An ancient imperial order that had governed china for two millennia collapsed with only a modest nudge from organized revolutionaries. It was the end of a long era in china and the beginning of an immense struggle over the country's future.

1750: the Ottoman Empire was still strong, at center of the Islamic world; by 1900, was known as “the sick man of Europe”1) region by region, Islamic world fell under Christian rule, and the Ottomans couldn’t prevent it.-Ottomans lost territory to Russia, Britain, Austria, and France-Napoleon’s 1798 invasion of Egypt was especially devastating-Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Rumania attained independence2)
central Ottoman state had weakened3)





the economy was hit hard by Western developments4)
had reached a state of dependency on Europe

After 1839: more far-reaching reformist measures (Tanzimat, or “reorganization”) emerged. meaning reorganization of the Ottoman Empire, was a period of reformation that began in 1839 and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 1876The reforms encouraged Ottomanismamong the diverse ethnic groups of the Empire, attempting to stem the tide of nationalist movements within the Ottoman Empire. The reforms attempted to integrate non-Muslims and non-Turks more thoroughly into Ottoman society by enhancing their civil liberties and granting them equality throughout the Empire.

were a secret organization of Ottoman nationalist intellectuals formed in 1865, influenced by such Western thinkers

(r. 1876–1909) accepted a new constitution in 1876 that limited the sultan’s authority
a. almost immediately suspended it b. turned to decisive autocracy in the face of a Russian invasion

Were a Turkish nationalistreform party, favoring reformation of the the absolute monarchy of the Ottoman Empire. Officially known as the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), their leaders led a rebellion against Sultan Abdul Hamid II. They ruled the former Ottoman empire from 1908 until the end of World War I in November 1918.opposition coalesced around the “Young Turks” (military and civilian elites) a. advocated a militantly secular public life b. shift to thinking in terms of a Turkish national state 8. after 1900, growing efforts to define a Turkish national character 9. military coup (1908) gave the Young Turks real power a. antagonized non-Turkic peoples in the Ottoman Empire b. stimulated Arab and other nationalisms c. the Ottoman Empire completely disintegrated after World War I

Informal Empire describes the spheres of influence which an empire may develop that translate into a degree of influence over a region or country, which is not a formal colony in the empire, as a result of the extension of commercial, strategic or military interests of the empire.

Tokugawa shoguns had ruled since about 1600 a.main task was preventing civil war among rival feudal lords (the daimyo) b. Japan enjoyed internal peace from 1600 to 1850 c. daimyo were strictly regulated but retained considerable autonomy d. Japan wasn’t unified by a single law, currency, or central authority that reached to the local level e. hierarchical society: samurai at the top, then peasants, artisans, and merchants at the bottom 2. considerable change in Japan in the Tokugawa period a. samurai evolved into a bureaucratic/administrative class b. great economic growth, commercialization, and urban development c. by 1750, Japan was perhaps the world’s most urbanized country d. high literacy rates (40 percent of males, 15 percent of females) e. change made it impossible for the shogunate to freeze society

also known as the Meiji Ishin, Revolution, Reform orRenewal, was a chain of events that restored imperial rule in Japan in 1868. The Restoration led to enormous changes in Japan's political and social structure
1. U.S. sent Commodore Perry in 1853 to demand better treatment for castaways, right to refuel and buy provisions, and the opening of trade ports 2. the shogunate gave into Perry’s demands, triggering a civil war 3. in 1868, a group of young samurai from the south took over a. they claimed to be restoring the 15-year-old emperor Meiji to power b. aimed to save Japan from foreigners by transformation of Japanese society rather than by resistance 4. the West wasn’t as interested in Japan as it was in China