History and Systems of Psychology Final

-Begins in Europe, specifically Germany- in universities. -Universities: started about 500 years ago- secular effort- wealthy people. -Public University: 200 years- affordable: 50 years -Monks gave lectures in small settings next to Church- Religion and Classic thought- primary thing that was taught. -1800-1900 2 schools within universities: School of Theology and School of Philosophy- became more secularized- started as religious, evolved into secular. Secular perspective on Theology could be labeled as Philosophy- became foundation for 1800-1900 universities. -Don't have "colleges" in Europe area, have "faculties." -Before Science, the most common activity was the concept of Philosophy. -Core of modern university thought is Philosophy. -Philosophy is now a little part of universities- 1/27 majors at UNCW- used to be 100% of University 100 years ago.

-Father of Psychology. -Born 1832 in rural Germany and died in Germany in 1920. Father was a vicker- pastor- middle class- worked for a living- beginning of working class psychologists. -Got degree from Leipzig University. Spent a little time in Hidelburg and Zurich- became lecturer- named professor- Professor of Philosophy at Leipzig. -He got his degree in medicine in physiology- first real med school in US is Johns Hopkins- 100 years ago. -Leipzig is ugly- one of the oldest in European Union- maybe 10th or 20th oldest university. -MD, but taught Philosophy->Psychology. Couldn't get a job teaching medicine. Textbook of Physiological Psychology- his first book. -Psychology is a branch of neuropsychology- first few chapters are all about the brain- applied Physiology and understanding problems of Philosophy- Physician0 taking a look at questions philosophers were asking. -Founded the first Psychology lab that continued- in 1879- When Psychology was started- Leipzig is the birthplace of Psychology. Birth of Christianity- year 0- birth of Christ. -APA: 1892, the first Psychology lab ever established was done so in 1874 at Harvard, but it didn't continue- dead in water- not given a lot of credence. -Wrote first textbook of Psychology- most expensive Psychology book now. -Established first journal- Philosophical studies. Published scientific experiments from lab: published in Germany and in German. Up until 1950, had to have 2nd language in German to have Psychology degree- most stuff not translated to English.

-Interested in studying the concept of feelings. One problem is that perception of feeling angry or in love may be different from someone else's. Feelings: Physiological events that have to be interpreted mentally. -Challenge Wundt faced: How do you interpret a feeling as positive or negative? -How am I accurate? Could I have feelings that are biased/ incorrect? Yes. People interpret Physiological reactions differently. -Interpretation so frought with error- trained people to be objective interpreters of Physiological change- hard to do. -Find good haters/lovers and compare yourself to them. Experts who have learned to interpret their feelings, compare yourself, become an expert rater of feelings. -Developed a tri-dimensional theory of feelings- called Introspetion. What you do is look inside to try to make sense of feelings- this is basically what Psychotherapy is. Expert trying to align ideas with correct interpretation of feelings. Application of introspection to Psychopathology may be referred to as Psychotherapy. -Trained students from all over- many came to US- place people could get jobs. -Spread word of Psychology by sending students to different places.

-Develop traction in Psychology with a good idea and students (graduate) -Doctorate: learn person's (teacher's) take on Psychology, disciples of teacher: learn teacher's concept, go spread it. -Greek ideas spread successfully because of Aristotle teaching Alex the Great. -Wundt did a wonderful job spreading ideas- India, Africa, mostly US. -4 people, 2 students- 1 gave birth to a bunch of kids, one didn't.

-1867-1927- father was a pastor, not too wealthy- chose to go to Oxford for undergrad (go to a college within Oxford)- went to prestigious Philosophy school in Oxford- Psychology not too popular in England, went to study with Wundt in Leipzig, learned German, got Ph.D.- did work with animals and perception- couldn't get a job in England, no jobs for Psychologists- got a job at Cornell (in Ithica) Ivy League school (prestigious) Beginning of Psychology in US is Ivy League- they're old, created to teach people to be preachers- central building: chapel- trained people to be tax collectors, then came the rich people. Really heavily funded. Ivy Leagues have lots of money- able to bring people in- brought people from Europe with Psychology ideas- no Psychology in any other country- came to Cornell -Books: Experimental Psychology, Psychology, Outline of Psychology. -Structural Psychology: Applied behavioral analysis- behaviorism. May be father of behaviorism- stayed at Cornell his entire career- died there- not that typical nowadays. One branch of type of person Wundt made.

-First American student of Wundt 1860-1954- undergrad at one of the sister Ivys like Davidson (small, selective, expensive liberal arts college) spent time with Wundt- first manage of Wundt's laboratory. work involving perception and intelligence. Columia- spent entire career there- did a little post doc at Oxford- came back to Columbia- very instrumental in forming APA- president- created American men biography- created very popular magazine: popular science: watered down scientific journal- worked on one thing: came up with theory in company: Psychological Corporation- prestigious involving psychological tests- created concept of "g" : general intelligence- how is it that some people seem to be very good at certain things, bad at other things. person with skill or talent, not necessarily intelligent- intelligent person is a person smart in many areas. What is it that allows them to be successful? "g" person who could do high level of unusual novel problem solving. How could someone figure themselves out of a problem they're not comfortable with. You're not used to this: solve that problem. Problem-solving trumps everything else. The concept of small g "g." -Psychcorp started in NY, ended up in San Antonio, TX. General Cinema bought it, also owned SeaWorld, wanted to create one in mid part of country- San Antonio gave them a huge tax incentive to put company there, not just SeaWorld. Levis moved to Mexico, gave Psychcorp cheap land to move there- Pearson owns now.

-Produced a bunch of students. 1874-1949. Degree at Columbia, went to work with Wundt, came back to Columbia, stayed there. Dissortation was about intelligence of chickens. First book: Animal Intelligence- up to this point, it was an Oxymoron: animals didn't have souls- no free will (up until 1850) no reasoning capacity- He said they did have reasoning capacity. -Second book: Educational Psychology. Could kids be like animals? Applied principles of learning to nonhuman animals- to humans- fairly true- similar- not paradigm shift. How is learning occurring? Cognitive mapping: procedure in your mind of how to solve. Animal develops map in theri heads of how to solve a problem. Cognitive maps is a lot easier than the narrative: right hemisphere has been around longer. Animals are great at cognitive maps. Father of Cognitive Psychology.

-1869-1962- entirely Columbia- Ivy Leagues usually only hire each other. Books: Dynamic Psychology- motivation- interested in understanding why animals engage in behaviors: something produces something else: What is stimulus that produces behavior: stimulus could be biological (food) or psychological (GPA, love). -Book: Contemporary Schools of Psychology: History of people/ideas, classification of words, like stimulus- develop jargon, methodology surfaced. Psychology is a methodology- develop set of words that rarely apply to other areas. Father figure in the history of Psychology and father figure in motivation.

-1878-1958- Maybe sometimes you have to have the "right" type of background (pedigree) to be successful. Sometimes people come from the wrong side of the tracks and they do pretty well. You could come from the right side of the tracks and not do well. -Came from Travelers Rest a tiny suburb on the outskirts of Greenville- small, almost dead town, farming family- went to Furman in Greenville, SC- didn't do well- went to Chicago- Dewey and Angel- 2 psychologists he worked with- got a PhD. James Baldwin was one of the first presidents of APA- had a lab at Johns Hopkins- may be first lab that opened and stayed open- lab in Phipps Clinic in the back of the main hospital Johns Hopkins- first hospital where students were taught- lived in hospital- called a resident- lived on 3rd and 4th floors. Main teaching area was a big circle in the middle- balconies- round the circle to get different angles of things. John Watson got a job at Phipps clinic. Started doing research- famous experiment- Little Albert- baby- died by the time he was 5 or 6. Connected with Rosalee Rainer- grad student- she was hot- he was married. Divorced wife, married Rosalee- he didn't buy war bonds, was a pascifist- left Psychology, moved to Greenich Connecticut- got a career in Advertising. Didn't return to Psychology until 1950 when he was offered the lifetime achievement award, he didn't accept it. -He was a cold, difficult guy, not easy to interact with, not a good father. Chances may be lower, but your chances are that you will have an impact- bring new paradigm. -Book: Psychology from the standpoint of a behaviorist- book dedicated to James Cattell. Says subjectivity is not in the realm of variables. Give me any child that I have contorol over and I can make him a beggar or a thief, or a president or a professional. Biggest example was little Albert- Son of a midwife- wet nurse- fed kids who were born at Johns Hopkins- may have gotten paid a little- lost track of her, Little Albert died. Secondary sources get you into trouble. Beginning of behaviorism: 1915-1920- legacy: Psychology is science- not relying on ideas. We are a natural science like Chemistry and Physics.

-1904-1990- middle class New York State- Lafayet- went to NYC- greenich- wrote poetry- sent to Robert Frost, said it wasn't good- went to Cambridge, Mass and walked into Harvard department of Psychology- majored in English when he was undergrad, printed series of fliers said there was a fair at a local park and there wasn't- temporarily suspended- low GPA, got PhD spend time in Minnesota- went to Harvard, died in 1990 working worked on ideas. -Book: Science and Human behavior, Verbal Behavior, Schedules of Reinforcement, and Walden II (about Eutopia) -Science and Human Behavior: foundations of experimental Psychology. 1st section: the possibility of a science of human behavior. Science of behavior founded on principles- independent and dependent variable, confounds, 95%. The Philosophy of Psychology is largely based on fundamental concepts from B.F. Skinner. Everyone agrees to this: Psychology is a methodology and it's the thing we bring to the table. We don't agree about the application to operant conditioning- try to figure out how you can effect probability of behavior- out come of behavior effects whether you will engage or not- decrease: punishment- easier to effect behavior, but doesn't last. Unterval or time reinforcement- inefficient to reward someone all the time. Time: interval; Times: Ratio. Fixed interval, ratio or variable interval or ratio. The harder it is to learn, the harder it is to forget. Fundamental form of learning.

-The fundamental concept of the physical concepts of things- at the core of Psychology- first portion of Wundt's book, Outlines of Psychology, is about Physiological processes. Could it be that Psychology is more tied to Physiological things than anything else? -Is everything Physiologically linked? Santiago Ramon y Cajal- book (my memoirs)- one of the first guys who suggested maybe the brain is where it's at? Beginning of origins of behavior.

-1773-1829: his ideas were fascinating. English/Scottish anatomist- suggested that everything is related to underlying physiological processes, not the soul. Book: A course on lectures of Natural Philosophy. Vision itself has to do with very specific nerve cells. Maybe colors had their own nerve cells. Connection from the eye to the brain- maybe a color coated line from eye to brain so you can see colors. Some reaction time is too fast to be able to process- because it is so fast, it has to be hardwired. Wrong in specifics, right in overall idea. Specificity in visual system, not just like Young described it.

-1774-1846: Bell-Magende Law- Scottish/English- spent time trying to understand underlying Physiological processes. Idea of a new anatomy of the brain (nook) only a couple hundred copies. Discovered something that is almost routine understanding today. Discovered that there are nerves- some go up, some go down. Sensory nerves go up, motor nerves go down. They enter and exit several locations. A lot of this stuff was discovered in the battlefield- a great laboratory- no anestisia. Some of the early great surgeons/ anatomists got a lot of their early information from the battlefield. Young and Bell set the foundation for what is to come.

-Until about 1962 or 63, the Psychiatric hospitals were separated by race. The hospital for the colored insane. Before that, segregated by sex. Most common illness for women was hysteria. -1825-1892: worked in female Psychiatric hospital outside of Paris. Saw a lot of women with physiological problems with no clear evidence of physical disease. Most common was blindness- Psychical- studied a bunch of these women- book: clinical lectures on certain diseases of the nervous system- maybe fueled by some internal conflict. Hysterical- Hysterectomy- the womb moves around inside person- stimulates ovaries- can't control it- get "action"- feel crappy about yourself and you go insane. No dancing, shaking your ovaries- lock crazy women up- calm them down- chain, spin, dip them in cold water. Take magnet, hold it up move it in front of person, suck out sexual energy of the ovaries, calm them down. Charcot studied with a guy named Mesmer- seances- bring people together in a circle, music, chant in repetitive activity- connect to the afterlife when you lose who you are.- wrong- Charcot mesmerized people- made them thing they are getting better- now hypnosis- calm down women to get their wombs calmed down. They thought this about 100 years ago- 1920s and 30s- wandering womb syndrome. What bizarre thoughts are we holding on to that are wrong? 100 years from now, they might think we are crazy. Always be uncomfortable with what is "true."

-1824-1880: surgeon in the male Psychiatric hospital. Not that many hysterical men- couldn't diagnose a male with hysterical in DSM until 1974- dropped homosexuality from DSM- must be hysterical. Came across a guy, Tan, who couldn't speak at all. One fine spring morning Tan died, opened up brain- left frontal cortex, there was a mass, this area of brain must be the origin of spoken language- beginning of localization: behavior tied to brain in a point to point correspondance. Speech: left temporal lobe- 1 patient, 1 presentation, in textbook. We've now shifted away from localization, now functional systems. Localization in neuropsychology- we don't think of this as a hot area anymore.