What Are Various Preterm Birth Risks and Diseases Involved Flashcards

•Inability to transition to extrauterine circulation

•Failure of lung expansion•Rapid establishment of respirationsChanges cause serious biochemical changes

•Biochemical changes•Hypoxemia•Metabolic acidosis•Hypercarbia• •These biochemical changes cause:•Pulmonary vasoconstriction•High pulmonary vascular resistance•Hypoperfusion of the lung•Right to left shunting

•Nonreassuring fetal heart rate pattern••Sustained bradycardia••Anything affecting blood flow through the placenta••Difficult birth/prolonged labor••Fetal scalp/capillary blood sample— acidosis•pH < 7.20•Meconium in amniotic fluid••Significant intrapartum bleeding••Prematurity/small for gestational age••Unexpected congenital anomalies•Oligohydramnios/polyhydramnios••Narcotics use in labor••Infant of a diabetic mother (IDM)••Anemia

•Fetal biochemical assessment••Fetal pH•pH of 7.2 or less is sign of asphyxia•pH of less than 7 is pathologic acidemia••Fetal heart rate•Fetal oximetry••If nonreassuring fetal status is present, deliver the baby immediately

•At time of birth••APGAR score••Identify newborns who do not need resuscitation:••"Is the baby full term?"•"Is the baby breathing or crying?"•"Does the baby have good muscle tone?"

•Rub back with blanket or towel, suction if needed••Administer 21% oxygen, evaluate respirations, heart rate, pulse oximetry••Positive-pressure ventilation••Administer 100% oxygenation with chest compressions••Administer epinephrine

•Check and maintain equipment••Prepare warmed towels or blankets and hat••Pre-warm the radiant warmer••Obtain training in resuscitation••Provide a support person for parents

•Inadequate production of pulmonary surfactant••Occurs in premature infants and infants with surfactant deficiency disease••Required for alveolar stability••Instability causes atelectasis••Causes hypoxemia, hypercarbia, acidemia

•Before birth•Prevent preterm birth•Administer glucocorticoids••After birth•Surfactant replacement therapy

•Ventilation therapy•Correction of acid-base imbalance•Temperature regulation•Nutrition•Protection from infection

•Blood gases••Pulse oximetry••Signs of distress

•Failure to clear lung fluid, mucus, debris••Exhibit signs of distress shortly after birth •Expiratory grunting•Nasal flaring•Mild cyanosis•Tachypnea by 6 hours of age•Mild respiratory and metabolic acidosis

•Maternal diabetes•Maternal asthma•Male sex of the infant•Macrosomia•Cesarean section delivery

•Diagnosed with multiple X-rays••Administer supplemental oxygen••IV administration of fluid and electrolytes••Abstain from oral feedings••Nursing care similar to RDS