APUSH Civil War and Reconstruction: 1860 - 1870s

- desperate measure to prevent Civil War- introduced by John Crittenden- Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in territories south of 36º30' line- no interference by Congress w/ existing slavery- compensation to owners of fugitive slaves- Republicans, on the advice of Lincoln, defeated it

- Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri- Lincoln maintained moderate course in policies to ensure loyalty of border states- important economic states- if Maryland + Delaware cede, Confederate manufacturing would have doubled

- could export cotton for money- defensive war (only needed to tie)- nation's best military leaders- most of existing military equip't + supplies

- larger numbers of troops- superior navy- better transportation- financial + industrial reserves to create munitions and supplies (eventually outstripped South's initial material advantage)

- 1860: S. Carolina had seceded- Sumter was 1 of 2 forts in the South still under Union control- Lincoln plan to send supplies (reinforce)- Confederate General Beauregard demand fort's surrender -- refused- Confederate Army fired on fort -- surrendered--> Congress declare war on the Confederacy

- 1862- North blockade Southern coast- try to force the South to surrende- Southern coast was so long that it could not be completely blockaded

- Lincoln suspended this writ- writ: person cannot be arrested w/o probable cause + must be informed of the charges against him + be given an opportunity to challenge them- Supreme Court eventually held the suspension edict to be unconstitutional- Civil War was nearly over by then

- Former Confederate states would be readmitted to the Union if 10% of citizens took a loyalty oath + state agreed to ratify 13th Amendment which outlawed slavery. - Not put into effect b/c Lincoln was assassinated

- believed South should be harshly punished- thought Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards South

- 1864 - Bill declared that Reconstruction of the South was legislative, not executive, matter (weaken the power of president)- Lincoln veto it- Wade-Davis Manifesto said Lincoln was acting like a dictator by vetoing

- destroy South's physical + psychological capacity for war

Restrictions on the freedom of former slaves, passed by Southern governments

- 1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom- gave food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs

1865 - Freed all slaves, abolished slavery

- 1868- full citizenship to all native-born or naturalized Americans, including former slaves and immigrants