APUSH Chapter 20

American attention shifted to foreign lands Frederick Jackson Turner (1890s) ~ produced fears that natural resources would soon dwindle - depression & social movements --> improve foreign affairs, importance of foreign trade increases (fear that European imperialism will leave Americans out of spoils)

English-speaking people would dominate every land that wasn't already the seat of an "established civilization" - destined to force their influence on other parts of the world

Anglo-Saxon "race" represented civil liberty & pure Christianity - divinely commissioned to spread them

- duty of Anglo-Saxons = most politically talented (to uplift less fortunate people)

- countries w/ great sea power = the great nations of history --> US is great (bounded by 2 oceans) - US needed: productive domestic economy, foreign commerce, two-ocean navy, and colonies for raw materials, markets, and navy bases - wanted to claim Pacific Islands & Hawaii

- dispute border between British Guiana and Venezuela --> Sec. of State Blaine had called for Pan-American Congress - Sec. of State Richard Olney charged that British was violating Monroe Doctrine when they refused to meet for council - Cleveland --> special commission to determine border (if British resist the decision, war with England)

- evolving relationship between US and England - realization that they share a lot

- Pearl Harbor ~ strategic position - price of sugar from Hawaii decreasing --> US wants to annex it to avoid tariffs - great stopping place for trade ships

- under the influence of US, GB, and Germany - each wanted a part of the strategic trading spot - US wanted the harbor of Pago Pago

- yellow journalists - New Navy policy (Mahan) - European imperialism in Africa - Social Darwinism/eugenics

- "Yellow journalists" - McKinley - de Lome letter - Maine incident (de Lome letter & Maine incident ~ used as propaganda to support the war) - Manifest Destiny ~ America still wanted to expand (divine connection = justification for expansion) - Teller Amendment

1895: renewed rebellion grows in Cuba - i.e. Pulitzer's New York World and Hearst's New York Journal dramatize the situation - Spanish general Weyler depicted as brutal - aroused public support for a war to liberate Cuba from Spanish control - jingoism: extreme patriotism

- cause: deteriorating economic conditions due to the high Wilson-Gorman Tariff (cut off American market from Cuba) & Spanish concentration camps - Cuban immigrants in NY area --> Cuban Revolutionary Party to encourage American intervention - publicized Jose Marti (killed in battle) - Cleveland did nothing (even tried to quell the movement) - American motivation: huge sugar exports from Cuba (powerful economic motive)

- angered American public - Spanish minister to Washington Dupoy de Lome's letter was intercepted in Cuba & turned over the America - showed Spanish belief that McKinley was weak & wanted public support

- a ship called Maine in the Havana harbor blew up supposedly b/c of an external submarine mine --> killed 260 people - actually b/c of an internal accident in the engine - Last attempt to avoid conflict: McKinley asks Spain to agree to armistice with the revels and an end to the concentration camps - Spain refuses --> WAR