What Do You Know About Working Of Microscope And Its Uses Flashcards

what are some ways to extend the life of a microscope bulb 1) don't touch bulb with fingers (get oil on bulb) 2) use a low voltage setting (about 3-5) 3) don't move microscope until bulb has completely cooled the higher the magnification on the microscope, the _____ the condensor setting higher what position should the condensor be put in when storing a microscope in the lowest position what is the problem when you can clearly see a specimen on low power objective but can't see or focus on the high or oil objective most likely the problem is the slide was loaded on the wrong side. Remove the slide and turn it over (flip it over) and reload the slide back onto the stage how do you calibrate a refractometer it is calibrated by placing distilled water that is between 60-100 F onto the glass cover and calibrate the refractometer to zero what are the three layers of a spun hematocrit tube plasma/serum, buffy coat (WBC and platelets), RBC what are the normal values for a feline (PCV, TP, HGB, RBC and WBC) PCV- 30-45% (37%) TP- 6.0-7.5 g/dL HGB- 12-15 g/dL RBC- 6.0-7.0 x 10(6)/mm(3) WBC- 5.5-19.5 x 10(3)/mm(3) what are the normal values for a canine (PCV, TP, HGB, RBC and WBC) PCV- 37-55% (45%) TP- 6.0-7.5 g/dL HGB- 12-15 g/dL RBC- 6.0-7.0 x 10(6)/mm(3) WBC- 6.0-15.0 x 10(3)/mm(3) what information can you obtain from a spun PCV (5 things) PCV, TP, buffy coat, plasma color and microfalaria if filling a hematocrit tube using blood straight from a syringe, what type of tube should you use a heprin tube (red PCV tube) if filling a hematocrit tube using blood from a purple top test tube, what type of tube should you use a tube that doesn't of heprin in it (blue PCV tube) - the purple top tube has heprin in (EDTA) so you don't need to use a hematocrit tube with heprin in it what is the difference between the red/tiger top tube and the purple/lavendar top tube red- used for getting serum purple- has an anticoagulant, used for getting plasma what is the difference between serum and plasma serum- the liquid portion of clotted blood plasma- the liquid portion of whole blood how long should a hematocrit tube be spun -should be spun for 5 minutes -make sure you place another tube of equal size/weight on the other side of the centrifudge to keep it balanced how do you measure TP (total protein) take a spun hematocrit tube, break it above the buffy coat and then using the serum/plasma portion, place a drop of it on the refractometer glass and look through the refractometer while pointing it towards light what are the three types (description) for a PCV buffy coat adequate/normal, increase, decrease a normal BC is 1-2 micrometers) what are the different colors of plasma in a spun PCV tube and whart do they mean straw- normal white- lipemic (normal in schnauzers), can also occur if a patient just ate yellow- icteric red/pink- hemolysis how much does a hematocrit tube need to be filled 3/4 full how do you seal the blood in a hematocrit tube use clay what is PCV packed cell volume (% of whole blood comprised of RBC'S0 what is the difference between a puppies PCV and a greyhounds puppy- lower PCV greyhound- higher PCV what does the TP indicate about a patients status it indicates the hydration level what is another name for a tiger top tube a serum separator tube what does the buffy coat consist of WBC, platelets and microfilaria how do you find RBC and HGB estimates from a spun hematocrit tube RBC- PCV/6 = mm^3 HGB- PCV/3 = g/dL what does an increased PCV ans increased TP mean the animal is dehydrated what does a decreased PCV mean the animal is anemic what does a decreased PCV with an increased TP mean the animal is anemic and dehydrated what does a decreased TP mean protein loss, overhydration, kidney disease, shock or blood loss what happens to the PCV and TP count when an animal is dehydrated the fluid in the blood is inadequate and the blood becomes more concentrated. So the PCV and TP results are higher then what they really are what happens to the PCV and TP in trauma cases the TP will drop before the PCV does, this happens because of the splenic contraction what are the methods of making blood smears coverslip (prefer method) push smears why are coverslip smears the prefer method -give better overall distribution of cells -are gentler with the cells -less destructive to the cells -better represent the peripheral blood what do push smears do with the cells they push the WBC out to the feathered edge so you wont find them in the monolayer what can you find out by performing a blood smear -the morphology of the WBC's and RBC's -WBC differential -platelet estimation and evaluation -parasites -toxicities -cancer cells -inclusions -bacteria -NRBC's what else can you do with a blood smear result (has to do with machine) you can compare the blood smear results against the machine what is the critiera to making the perfect blood smear -it should be the size of your pinky -should be in the shape of your pinky -there should be a consistent color throughout the smear and should be thinner around the monolayer the feathered edge should be rounded what are indices they are calculations that help classify types of anemias what do you know about the RBC's when the MCV is below normal the RBC's are smaller than normal (microcytic) what do you know about the RBC's when the MCV is higher than normal the RBC's are larger than normal (macrocytic) with what type of anemia would you find microcytic cells iron deficiency anemias with what type of anemia would you find macrocytic cells regenerative anemias with what type of deficiencies will you find macrocytic cells liver disease and Vit B12 deficiencies what will the MCH and MCHC help us determine if we have to little hemoglobin (as in iron deficiency anemias) what is MCV the mean corpuscular volume -the size of the RBC's -equation: PCV x 10/RBC= fl (femtoliters) what is the MCV normal range for a cat and dog 60-70 (60 fl is the normal) what is MCH the mean corpuscular hemoglobin -the weight of hemoglobin -equation: Hgb x 10/RBC = pg (picograms) what is the MCH normal range for a cat and dog 15-23 (20 pg is the normal) what is MCHC the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration -concentration of hemoglobin; the concentration of Hgb that is in the RBC's -equation: Hgb x 100/ PCV = % or g/dl what is the MCHC normal range for a cat and dog 30-36 (36% or 36 g/dl is the normal) out of all 3 indices, which one is the most accurate the MCHC (Hgb indices) -this is because we are using the PCV in the calculation and the PCV is the most accurate part of the CBC which breeds are known to have larger RBC's? which has smaller RBC's? larger- Poodles smaller- Akitas when doing indices, where should your RBC and Hgb count come from take the counts from the machine -do not use estimates unless that is all you have why should you use your PCV results instead of what the machine gives you you should always use the PCV you got from the spun down hematocrit tube because it is the most accurate -the machines are known to read HCT (hematocrit) which is not as accurate as the PCV -the PCV and HCT will be used interchangeably but the PCV is always the most accurate what type of stain do we use at school? why? the Romanowski stain: Dif Quik -we use it because it is affordable, fast and easy to use -the romanowski stain has a fixative solution, so it will permanently fix the slide how do we stain a slide or cover slip 1st- stain fixative 2nd- stain 1 eosin stain (stains the hemoglobin and cytoplasm) 3rd- stain 2 the purple stain (stains the nucleic acid, nuclei and the nuclear components of cell) -blot lightly in-between dips and then rinse lightly afterwards, preferably with distilled water) how long and how many times do we dip the cover slip/slide into each stain 8 dips in each stain and every dip lasting 1 second (depending on how dark your smears are, you may want to decrease or increase the # of dips) how do you take care of the jar of stains -keep lids tight -change the stains on a regular basis (depends on how often you use the stain) -do not contaminate -clean the jars with the fixative/alcohol solution -put a date on the jars so you know how old the stains are -have separate stains for dirty samples (ex: fecals and ears) after you have stained the cover slips/slides, what is the next step dry the coverslip smear with a blow dryer how do you mount the coverslips onto a slide -place a drop of oil onto a clean, blank slide -place the stained coverslip (blood side down) onto the oil how do you look at your blood smear slide start scanning the slide on low power (10x) -move the objective to high power (40x) and look for the monolayer -then move the objective to oil immersion (stop in-between changing to the oil objective and apply a drop of oil to the coverslip) -when in oil immersion, you will evaluate the RBC morphology what is the most important thing to do when looking at RBC morphology find the normal cells first for comparison how do we evaluate RBC's by their size, shape, color and arrangement and inclusion what are the different RBC morphology sizes -normocytic (normal) -anisocytosis (vary in size) -macrocytic (larger than normal) -microcytic (smaller than normal) what are the different RBC morphology shapes -normocytic (normal) -poikilocytic (abnormally shaped) -specific name of shapes seen what are the different RBC morphology colors -normochromic (normal) -polychromasia (vary in color) -hypochromasia (decrease staining intensity, less color) what are the different RBC morphology arrangements -rouleaux (coin like stacking) -agglutination (clumping of bld cells) what causes rouleaux arrangement in RBC's seen in horses due to the increased protein levels/ fibrinogen (stickiness) of the blood. Can also be seen often in cats, usually in the thicker areas of the blood smear what causes agglutination arrangement in RBC's seen in autoimmune cases what are the different inclusions of RBC's nucleated red blood cells, howell jolly bodies, parasites, etc what does feline blood look like? canine? feline- solid RBC's, no central pallor (5 microns in size) canine- have a central pallor (6-7 microns in size) what does poikilocyte mean it is a general term for an abnormal shape cell (when using this term, be specific and identify what you see) what is a acanthocyte a spiculated cell w/ irregular shaped projections -seen w/ liver and spleen issues, also seen with hemangiosarcoma, DIC and heartworm disease what is a echinocyte a cell with regular shaped projections, seen in rattlesnake bites or lymphosarcoma what is a leptocyte or codocyte also known as a bar or target cell, it is a cell with a dark dot or dark line in the middle -seen in liver disease, iron deficiency, regen anemias and target cells can also be seen in normal animals what is a stomatocyte a cell that resembles a mouth, a folding cell or a cell with a clear line in the middle. These cells are losing the ability to carry oxygen so they are folding. -seen in iron deficiency anemias what is a spherocyte a dense, small, dark, round cell that is lacking a central pallor. This cell is a good indicator of IMHA (immune mediated hemolytic anemia) or AIHA (auto immune hemolytic anemia) when spherocytes are presence, what do you need to note you should quantitate and place into a percentage so when the patient is being monitored you can check if they are improving with treatment -this is difficult to identify in cats because cats don't have a central pallor what is a schistocyte RBC fragments, they look like pieces of acanthocytes -these should be quantitated and put into a percentage -these cells have been damaged in circulation and have been sliced into pieces by fibrin threads -they are seen in DIC, hemangiosarcoma and heartworm disease what is DIC -it is disseminated intravascular coagulation -it is a disorder where the proteins that control clotting are abnormally active, which means the proteins in the blood are not clotting properly -a patient with this can be at risk for serious bleeds from just small injury because the proteins arn't clotting -this can happen with inflammation, infection and even cancer what is a keratocyte a form of schistocyte (RBC fragments) what are ghost cells -cells that have almost completely devoid of hemoglobin -all that is left is the cell membrane -can be hard to see because the cell is so light -it is seen in iron deficiency anemias what are heinz bodies a cell with areas of denatured hemoglobin stuck to the side of it. The hemoglobin has become denatured because an oxidative injury has occurred when will heinz bodies be present -in acetaminophen (Tylenol) toxicities, onions, sardines and garlic -these cells should be quantitated and put into a percentage to help evaluate whether the patient is improving -you can confirm if heinz bodies are present by staining with new methylene blue -if less then 5% are seen in a cat, it is considered normal -cats given propofol have had heinz bodies present in their blood what are howell jolly bodies they are nuclear remnants inside of a RBC. They are bits of the nucleus retained in the cell after the nucleus has been extruded. -commonly seen when the cells have been ruched out of the bone marrow into circulation -it is a sign of regeneration -can also be a sign of lead poisoning what are nucleated red blood cells (NRBC) it is a cell that still has a nucleus inside of the RBC what are crenated cells -cells that resemble echinocytes but are caused by human error -it can be caused by the slide drying to slow or the cells staying in the EDTA tube too long -if the entire slide doesn't have echinocytes on it, then it is crenation because a true echinocyte would be present everywhere on the slide what are the 4 signs of regenerative anemia that will be seen by using a difquick stain on the blood film P.A.H.N -polychromasia (the best indicator) (vary in color) -anisocytosis (vary in size) -howell jolly bodies -nucleated RBC's how do you quantitate RBC morphology - slight (sl) (1-10%) - (+) - moderate (mod) (11-50%) - (++) -marked (mk) (50-100%) - (+++) you can also use "occasional (oc)" to quantitate which animal has the smallest RBC's the goat what do young, immature cells look like big and blue what is another term for NRBC a metarubricyte what is included in a CBC -RBC count -WBC count -differential cell count -hematocrit -total protein the black arrows are pointing at spherocytes. These are seen with AIHA/IMHA (Immune mediated hemolytic anemia or Autoimmune hemolytic anemia). Quantitate and put into a percentage the dark blue cell is a NRBC. The nucleus is still inside the RBC. This is a sign of regeneration and classed as an inclusion these are acanthocytes. They are spiculated cells with irregular shaped projections. Can be seen with liver disease, heartworm disease and some spleen issues. Can sometimes be seen with Hemangiosarcoma and DIC these are schistocytes. They are fragments of RBC's, they look like pieces of Acanthocytes. These should be quantitated and put into a percentage. These cells have been damaged in cirulation. These cells have been sliced into pieces by fibrin threads. They are seen in DIC, Hemangiosarcoma and heartworm disease these are Howell Jolly Bodies. They are nuclear remants and are inclusions Size: Anisocytosis (++) Shape: Spherocytes (++-+++) Color: Polychromasia (+) Size: nomacytic Shape: Acanthocytes (++), occasional schistocyte Color: normachromic Size: Anisocytosis (+) Shape: Target Cells (++) Color: Hypochromasia (+++) and Polychromasia (+) Size: Normacytic Shape: Heinz Bodies (+++) Color: normachromic what are some ways to ensure accuracy of a PCV -fill hematocrit tube 3/4 full -start with fresh blood -ensure the centrifuge is balanced by using 2 tubes -spin a 2nd tube and compare results -check RBC count and see if it corresponds with the PCV what does the TP measure the TP measures the protein concentration in the serum/plasma what does it mean if the plasma on a spun PCV tube is clear/straw or clear/colorless? clear/straw- normal clear/colorless- can sometimes indicate liver issues what does it mean if the plasma on a spun PCV tube is yellow or white in color? Yellow- icteric (possibly due to liver or kidney disease or autoimmune disease) white- lipemic (may be post prandial sample, overweight, pancreatitis, hypothyroid, diabetes mellitus or a certain breed- Schnauzer, Cocker Span, some Poodles, Beagles and Shelties) what does it mean if the plasma on a spun PCV tube is pink/red, strawberry milkshake or banana milkshake pink/red- hemolysis )trauma to cells from blood draw, autoimmune disease, or intravascular issues) strawberry- hemolsis and lipemia banana- icterus and lipemia what cells should be quantitated and put into a percentage spherocytes, schistocytes and heinz bodies -this way you can monitor whether your patient is improving with treatment how do you look at a blood slide when checking RBC morphology -view at least 10 fields -make sure you are in the monolayer what can falsely elevate a PCV dehydration what are the types of cel morphology that are classified as "size" -normocytic (normal) -microcytic (decreased MCV. Iron deficiency anemia, normal for Akitas) -Macrocytic (increased MCV, marked regeneration, normal for Poodles) -Anisocytosis (variation in RBC size, regenerative anemia, normally seen in cat, cow and horse) what are the types of cell morphology that are classified as "color" (hemoglobin content) -normochromic (normal MCHC) -hypochromic (decreased MCHC, common with iron deficiency) -Polychromasia (different colors, best indicator of regeneration) what are the types of cell morphology that are classified as "shape" -normacytic -poikilocyte (other types full under this) what are the different types of cell morphology that are classified under the shape "poikilocyte" -acanthocyte (spur cell) -schistocyte -keratocyte (horn, bite cells) -spherocyte -target cell (leptocyte/codocyte or bar cell) -heinz bodies -eccentrocyte (one pole of cell is packed w/hemoglobin the other side is pale/cear sytoplasm) -stomatocyte -dacrocyte what are the types of cell morphology that are classified as "inclusions" -NRBC -howell jolly bodies causes: regenerative anemia, lead poisoning, hematopoiesis, neoplasia/injury to the bone marrow eccentrocyte-caused by an oxidant injury to RBC's, often accompanied by Heinz bodies acanthocyte agglutination anisocytosis basophilic stippling crenation darocyte - if all the ends are pointing in the same direction, then it is an artifact echinocyte/burr cell ghost cell heinz bodies Howell jolly bodies Hypochromia keratocyte macrocyte microcyte nucleated red blood cell polychromasia rouleaux schistocyte spherocyte stomatocyte target cell/ leptocyte/ codocyte polychromatophils on a diff quik stained blood film. they appear big and blue reticulocytes w/NMB reticulocytes w/NMB what do reticulocytes appear like? they are young, immature RBC's that appear big and blue on dif quick and appear as reticulocytes on NMB what are reticulocytes they are immature erythrocytes that contain organelles (ribosomes). -the organelles are lost as the cell matures what type of stain is used to see retics -New Methylene Blue (supravital) -supracital stains will stain the vital component of the cell (nuclear material) -NMB stains the cytoplasm very weakly, thats why the RBC's look pale what do retics look like when stained with Romanowski type stains when stained with difquick or wrights stain, the immature cells appear as large macrocytic, polychromatophils what causes the large RBC's to stain blue the organelles are what cause the blue staining with dif quick, but you can only see the organelles with NMB stains what is different about feline retics -felines have 2 types of retics -the types are: aggregate and punctate what are aggregate retics -a type of feline retic -they are young (more immature) and have more than 5 clumps of reticulum -we count these becuase they are newer cells being released from the bone marrow what are punctate retics -a type of feline retic -they are older and circulate for several days (7-10 days) -they tend to hang around for a long time -they contain less than 5 clumps of reticulum -we do NOT count these because they do not reflect the most recent bone marrow response -an anemic cat with only punctate cells is not have actively regenerating -"we don't care about old punks" what type of retics do canines have about all the retics are aggregates, so we count all of them what is the preferred method for making NMB slides -dry method/incubated method -steps are to take equal parts NMB (about 2-3 drops) to equal parts blood. Tap gently to mix and incubate for at least 15 minutes. Then make a push smear (thicker than dif quik smear. why do we use push smears when using NMB slides because these are anemic samples so the blood is thinner what is the other method used to view retics on NMB slides -wet method -not commonly used because the aggregates and punctuates are more difficult to distinguish -more of a quickie method to just see if you have retics -steps are to put a drop of NMV onto a slide then place the coverslip smear blood side down ontop of the NMB and view it what can you do with NMB slides once they are dry -you can counterstain them with diff quick by using a fixative and the dark blue/purple stain. -This helps bring up the cells a little more and the slide lasts longer. -we don't have to do this, but the NMB doesn't fix the slide how do you view a NMB slide on the microscope -place the slide on the scope, blood side up -find a good viewing area on low and then on high -place a drop of oil onto the slide and view on immersion oil -find ten fields that have 100 cells in each and count the # of retics in each field, you can do this by counting a quadrant of 25 cells -if fields of 200 cells can only be found then only count 5 fields why do we count retics on a NMB slide -to find put if the anemic patient is regenerative or non-regenerative -we need to know if the patient is responding to the anemia or if the treatment is working -we are trying to find out if the bone marrow is sending out new cells (checking the bone marrow's response to anemia) what are the formulas used when counting retics -observed -corrected -absolute what is the observed formula it is what you counted. Needs to be put into a percentage ex: counted amount/ 1000 x 100 = % what is the corrected formula it is a formula related to your count to the degree of anemia by using the patients PCV compared to the normal PCV ex: patients PCV / normal PCV then x by counted number (%) = % what is the absolute formula this is the formula that is prefered. Take your counted (observed) number divided by 1000= get decimal then x it by the RBC count in millions ex: 80 retics counted RBC 3.0 x 10^6/mm3 .08 x 3,000,000= 240,000/mm^3 what should an anemics patient's absolute count be to be considered regenerative -if the absolute count is 100,000 or more to be considered regenerative -if the patient is border lined, it should be checked again later because they might just be starting to regenerate or the bone marrow has just started to respond what else can you see on a NMB stain blood smear -NRBC -heinz bodies -WBC's -platelets if the NMB slide shows regeneration, what should the dif quik stain of that same slide show PAHN what animal does NOT have reticulocytes in the peripheral blood the horse; their retics fully mature in the bone marrow then the mature cells are released into peripheral blood platelet clumps -normally seen at the feathered edge -more commonly in cats clumping should be reported -quantitate and estimate neutrophil lymphocyte monocyte what is vasoconstriction when the vessel constricts because of blood rushing to the site to fight off infection what needs to be present for the body to respond appropriately to an infection -vasoconstriction -platelets -coagulation what are coagulation factors composed of -proteins -enzymes -fibrinogen what are coagulation factors produced/syntheszied by -healthy liver -Vit K -Calcium what are some examples of coagulation issues -von Willebrands -DIC -Vit K deficiency (rodenticide poisoning) what is a nother name for platelets thrombocytes what are platelets produced by the megakaryocyte in the bone marrow what is the function of platelets -hemostasis (stop bleeding/ hemorrhaging) -aid in clotting -form the plug how do you perform a platelet estimate -should be done as part of the CBC -count them on oil immersion (whole slide) -1 platelet equals about 15-20,000mm3 -report any clumping (this is a sign that the platelets are doing their job) what is the normal platelet count (estimate) 8-12/OIF -list platelet count as decreased, adequate and increased what are some abnormal morphology of platelets -giant platelets (can indicate early release from bone marrow) -platelet clumps (should be noted) what is the normal platelet count in a dog, cat and horse -dog 200,000-500,000 ul (average 300,000) -cat 300,000-700,000 ul (average 450,000) -horse 100,000-300,000 ul (average 250,000) what are some causes of a low platelet count -decreased production (megakaryocytes in the bone marrow isn't producing it) -platelets are going elsewhere (ITP, DIC) -tick borne diseases -asprin (inhibitd platelets from clumping) -lymphoma -leukemia what is thrombocytopenia -decreased platelets -counts less than 50,000/mm3 what are some signs of thrombocytopenia (platelet count is less than 50,000 mm3 -petechia (pinpoint hemorrhages) -echymosis (patches of bruising) -purpura (red/purple bruises) -hematuria (blood in urine) -epistaxis (bleeding from nose) -hyphema (bleeding in the eye) -hematochezia/melena (blood in stool) what is thrombocytosis increased platelet counts what are some causes of thrombocytosis -removal of the spleen -autoimmune disorders -cancer -overactive bone marrow -response to drugs (vincristine- chemo drug that stimulates the bone marrow to release more platelets) what is von willebrands a hereditary disorder that is seen in 70% of dobermans that causes platelets to not stick together. the factor 8 is missing. what are some acquired coagulation disorders -DIC (often secondary to another condition like sepsis, truma, cancer or organ failure; the protein factors are abnormally active) -vit K deficiency (eating rodenticide; vit k is a cofactor that aids in clotting what is the platelets main function hemostasis (to stop bledding or hemorrhaging) how many platelets can come form 1 megakaryocyte 1000 -they start off looking like plates and change as they move around in the blood stream what do platelets tend to do around other platelets aggregate what happens to platelets if your blood sample is kept too long before evaluating the platelets can change is a machines platelet count accurate not really, we dont really know what the machine counts when it comes across platelet clumps what are the two groups that WBC's can be divided into -granulocytes -agranulocytes what are the WBC's that are categorized under granulocytes -neutrophil -eosinophil -basophil what are the WBC's that are categorized under agranulocytes -monocytes -lymphocyte what do all granulocytes have in common a segmented nucleus what type of cell are monocytes and lymphocytes (besides WBC and agranulocytes) -monocytes are phagocyte -lymph are immunocytes what does it mean if you have a band count higher than 300/mm3 a left shift which WBC is the main phagocyte the monocyte which WBC is the body's first line of defense against MICROBIAL infections neutrophils what types of infections will you see neutrophils in -ear cytology -urine -abscess which WBC is the most common neutrophil what are the morphological features of a neutrophil -similar in most species -nucleus is segmented and dark -cytoplasm is clear, faint blue to pink -neutral staining granules what is a hypersegmented neutrophil it is a neutrophil that contains 5 or more segments (this is a normal sign of aging) what is the difference b/w granulocytes and agranulocytes -granulocytes contain granules -agranulocyes don't contain granules what is the morphological features of an eosinophil -they vary with species -have a segmented nucleus -the canine: have ROUND, pink granules that vary in sizev(don't alwys fill the cytoplasm) -the feline: have ROD shaped, pink granules (completely fill the cytoplasm) -equine: looks like rasberries and are shinny when do eosinophils normally appear -as a response to allergic reactions, parasites and skin disease what do the granules of the eosinophils contain antihistamine when will you see a basophil they are rarely seen, they are normally associated with a large number of eosinophils which WBC has a role in mediation of acute inflammatory response basophils what do the granules of the basophil contain histamine and heparin which species are basophils most commonly seen in? which species are they rarely seen in? -most commonly seen in cats and gorses -less common in dogs if they are ever seen at all what are the morphological features of a basophil -varies with species -cytoplasm is light purple/blue -segmented nucleus -bigger than a neutrophil -not phagocytic -canines: have dark round pinpoint granules, can sometimes be poorly granulated or absent in staining -feline: round lavender granules that completely fill the cytoplasm -equine: rod shaped dark granules, lots of them you will never see ____ (WBC) unless you see ____ (WBC). you will never see basophils unless you see eosinophils. (If you see basophils and no eosinphils then you are probably seeing eosinophils not basophils) what are band neutrophils they are immature neutrophils when would you see band neutrophils -they are released early from the bone marrow in a response to infection -typically seen in a high WBC patient what is a left shift it is an increase of immature WBC's, you will normally see this as response to an inflammatory condition and even some bone marrow disorders can cause it what do band neutrophils look like they have a U-shaped nucleus when examining a blood smear and you come across a neutrophil but can't decide if it is a band or a seg neutrophil, what should you do -if you can't decide, then call it a seg what are metamyelocytes -they are more immature than a band -they are larger than a seg and a band, since they are more immature what is the largest WBC the monocyte what are the morphological features of a monocyte -the nuclei can be different shapes: amoeboid, oval or oval with a single indentation (the nuclus can look like whatever it wants) -the chromatin is fine and lacey in appearance -the cytoplasm is blue-gray and may contain multiple vacuoles of different sizes (not all monocytes will contain vacuoles) -they look the same b/w species -they are highly phagocytic when will you see monocytes chronic infections what is the 2nd most common WBC lymphocyte (except in cows, it is the most common) what are the morphological features of a lymphocyte -they can be different sizes (small, medium and large) -similar b/w species -cytoplasm is a little bit of a sky blue color -has a high nucleus to cytoplasm ratio what type of cell are lymphocytes -immune related cells -seen in larger numbers when the immune system has been stimulated what is the normal WBC count -6,000-16,000/mm^3 -always write out the WBC count how is a WBC differential preformed -100 WBCs are counted on oil immersion -in the monolayer -battlement fashion what is the absolute WBC count -when you multiply the % of each WBC by the total WBC count -the absolute count is relative to the actual WBC count in what species would you normally see platelet clumping on a blood smear in the cat, normally in the feathered edge what parts of the clotting mechanism occur after an animal has been cut (in order of when they occur) -vasoconstriction -platelet plug -coagulation factors form clot when looking at a cat blood smear for a platelet estimate, where should you look on the slide before calling it decreased ++ in the feathered edge (there is probably clumping there) with what disease/issue would you see: spherocyte, schistocyte, heinz bodies, echinocytes and acanthocytes -spherocyte: IMHA -schistocyte: DIC -heinz bodies: oxidative injury (tylenol, onions) -echinocytes: rattle snake bites -acanthocytes: liver disease when looking a blood smear and count about 10 WBC's per field, are you seeing a normal, increased or decreased amount? - an increased amount -if you see 10 WBC per field -take 10 per field times 10 fields -take that number and find your average by dividing by 10 (for 10 fields) -then times your average by 2500 -your estimate is 25000 mm^3, this is an increase amount to the normal count can you do RBC morphology on a NMB slide no what does ITP stand for immune mediated thrombocytopenia how do you perform a WBC estimate -on high power (40x) count the number of WBC's that you see in ten fields (do it in the monolayer before the oil immersion) -take the average number seen in 10 fields and multiply it by 2500 (this is the estimated WBC count) -every WBC you see on high power = 2500 WBC -ex: you see a total of 40 WBC's in 10 fields; the average is 4; 4x 2500 = 10,000/mm^3 (this is your estimated WBC count)