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Laws that govern human nature
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Natural Law
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An agreement in which people give up the state of nature for an organized society
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Social Contract
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"Lovers of wisdom"; thinkers who believed the use of reason could reform government
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Philosophe
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Attacked corrupt government, inequality, & slave trade; supported freedom of speech & religion
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Voltaire (Fancois-Marie Aroute)
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Edited Encyclopedia; sounght to change thinking on religion, philosophy, & government
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Diderot
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Wrote The Social Contract; advocated the will of the majority for the common good; people were good; popular sovereignty
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Rousseau
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Wrote The Spirit of the Laws; introduces ideas of separation of powers & checks & balances
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Montesquieu
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Presented the ideas that people have natural rights & government has the obligation to those it governs; life, liberty, & property
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Locke
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Started in Paris in the 1600s; informal social gatherings in which authors & philosophes exchanged ideas
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Salons
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Grand, complex style
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Baroque
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Imposed by government & chuch authorities to protect against Enlightenment ideas
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Censorship
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6-year-old prodigy; composer
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Mozart
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Russian ruler; read works of philosophes; wrote letters to Diderot & Voltaire; expanded empire; granted nobles a charter of rights & criticized serfdom
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Catherine the Great
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Prussian Ruler; "first servant of the state"; admired Voltaire's work; had swamps drained & forced peasants to grow new crops; "everyone can go to heaven in his own fashion"
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Frederick the Great
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Absolute rulers who used their power to bring about political & social change
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Enlightened Despots
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