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Describe the major circulatory and respiratory organs of each listed group of vertebrates.
a).Fishes
b)Amphibians
c)Birds&Mammals
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A) 1 atrium & 1 ventricle. Force on ventricle conractions propels blood through single circuit.
b) 2 atria & 1 ventricle. Blood flows in 2 seperated circuits.
c) 2 atria & 2 ventricle. oxygenated blood & oxygen-poor blood dont mix!!
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Distinguish between interstitial fluid and blood plasma.
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1.Interstitial fluid- solution which bathes& surrounds the cells of multi-cellular animals.
2.Blood plasma-liquid component of blood, in which blood cells are suspended.
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A)Describe compostion and functions of blood.
b)Major role of:
1.Red Blood Cells(erythrocytes)
2.White blood cells(leukocytes)
3.Platelets
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A)3 main FUNCTIONS of blood-transport, protection, and regulation.
Composition of blood-connective tissure consists of plasma, and fromes elements.
b)1. travel through bodu delivering oxygen & removing waste.
2.take over and digest cellular debris such as aged red blood cells, and defend the body against viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens.
3.release substances that initiate blood clotting.
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A)DEFINE
1.immunity
2.antigen
3.antibodies
b) Distinguish between SPECIFIC AND NON-SPECIFIC DEFENSE.
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A) 1. body's ability to resist & fight infections.
2.any molecule or particle recognized by body as nonself.
3.type of protein, produced when it detects harmful substances(antigens)
b) 1. Non-specific defense- such as skin, prevent microorganisms from entering the body(outside body)
2.Specific defense-activated when microorganisms evade the non-specific defenses & invade the body.( inside body)
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Trace the circulatio of blood from the inferior and superior vanae cavae to the aorta.
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Vena cava-right atrium-right ventricle-arteries-lungs-veins-left atrium-left ventricle-aorta
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1) Explain what is happening during each portion of the cardiac cycle.
2) Define systolic and diastolic of cardiac cycle.
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1)atria & ventricles are relaxed & begin filling with blood. AV valvles are open & semilunar vavles are closed. Atria contract & top of ventricles. Ventricles contract & pump blood out heart into arteries. AV valves are now closed and semilunar valves are open.
**relaxed- AV is open, Semilunar is closed**
**contracting-AV is closed, Semilunar is open**
2)Systolic- Highest pressure of cardiac cycle.
Diastolic- Lowest pressure of cardiac cycle.
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A)Trace a drop of blood through complete pulmonay circuit.
b)Trace a drop of blood through complete systemetric circuit.
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A) right atrium- right ventricle-arteries-lungs- veins-left atrium
b)left atrium-left ventricle-aorta-arteries-arterioles-capalleries-venules-veins-venae cavae-right atrium
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Trace the route air from the nose to the air sacs in the human lungs, naming each structure along the way.
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Nasal cavities-pharynx(throat)-larynx(voicebox)- trachea-bronchi-lungs-plueral membrane- diaphgram.
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Explain the mechanice and control of normal breathing.
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1. Inhale- diaphgram contracts & moves downwards.Rib cage expands chest cavity & pulls air into the lungs.
2.Exhale-Muscles that caused inhalation relax, lungs passively recoil & lung capacity decreases. Decrease in volume compresses alveolar sacs, and pushes air out of lungs.
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Explain how the HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM is related to the CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.
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The human Respiratory system brings in oxygen & takes out carbon dioxide. While the Circulatory system delivers the oxygen to the whole body & takes carbon dioxide to be disposed of.
respiratory brings in the oxygen and the circulatory system delivers it to the whole body and collects carbon dioxide for the respiratory system to get rid of.
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Discuss cardiovascular and respiratory disorders listing risk factors and outcomes of:
1.anemias
2.leukemias-
3.stroke-
4.Atherosclerosis
5.Heart Attack
6.Hypertension
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1.Red blood cells short in supply. oxygen delivery to its cell is less effecient. Shortness of breath, fatigue, and chills are symptons.
2.Cancers that arise when stem cells that give rise to white blood cells begin to divife uncontrallably. excess of white blood cells impairs normal blood functions.
3.Occurs when a vessel in brain ruptures or gets blocked by a clot. Blood flow to brain is disrupted
4.Space inside arteries becaome narrowed. build-up of plaque on inside walls of arteries. can form thrombus(blood clot) and block blood flow.
5.Impaired blood flow causes cardiac muscle cells to die.
6.Chronically high blood pressure. Makes heart work harder,may cause heart attack.
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Distinguish between INCOMPLETE and COMPLETE digestive systems with examples.
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1.Incomplete-(flatworm)-branching gut has single opening that takes in food and expels wastes. Nutrients released by digestion diffuse across wall of gut cavity & through intersitial fluid to reach body cells.
2.Complete-(frog)- Tubular gut, with mouth at one end and anus on other. Materials move from mouth to anus passing through regions specialized for digestion, nutrition, absorption, waste concentration & elimination.
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Describe structure and function of each part of human digestive system as a bite of food passes through from your mouth to your anus.
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1.Pharynx(throat)- Swallow
2.Esophagus- Opens the stomach
3.Small Intestine- Digestion of all nutrients, gastric fluid from stomach, enzymes from pancreas, and bile from gallbladder.
4.Large Intestine-absorbs minerals & water, and concentrate undigested residues of feces.
5.Anus-Where feces come out.
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Identiy vital cell nutrients
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Carbohydrates-fresh fruits, whole grains, veggies
vitamins- OJ
mineral-iron, calcium
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DEFINE
1."essential" amino acids
2."essential" fatty acids
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1. 8 out of the 20 amino acids your body cannot make. must get from food.
2.Fatty acids that body cannot make. Must get from food.
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