Soc 377 Test 2 Short Answert

\Sex- “physiological features” of being male of female
Sex correlates of drug use: pregnancy, menstruation, menopause – all have hormonal impact that may predispose women to use

Gender - “social dynamics” of being male or female
Gender correlates of drug use and affects due to society's expectations of men and women
Women – more affected by being unable to maintain their home or care for their children
society generally looks much more disapprovingly than it does upon men who are unable to do the same thing
Men - more affected by not being able to hold down a job Rehabilitated male drug addicts more readily accepted by society, women seen as “damaged goods”

“Baby boomers”: generation born after World War II (1946 -1964)
Smoking marijuana in the 1960's and early 1970's was an act of defiance that involved great risk of heavy sanction by the criminal justice system
Data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health revealed that 47.4% of adults between the ages of 40 and 64 have used marijuana.
The baby boomers in their sample experienced “phases” of use ranging from: controlled users to marginal users
Baby boomers are more likely to be involved in meaningful jobs, family relationships, etc., control over drug use becomes much more of an issue than among younger people who are less likely to be involved in conventional role obligations.

Three dominant Hispanic populations in the United States are those from Mexico, Puerto Rico and Cuba
Cultural traits of Hispanic Culture encouraging drug use among Hispanic males (Moore)
implications for treatment and recovery from drug addiction
1.MACHISMO: varies from aggressive supermasculine to responsible adult manliness; directly linked to cultural feature of alcohol use Men are expected to drink; men who refuse often have their sexuality questioned
2.PERSONALISMO: ability to sustain long-lasting loyalties between friends and family
3.CARNALISMO: special "blood brother" bond that ties all Chicanos (Hispanics of Mexican descent) together Ø2 & 3 may explain higher rates of gang membership among Chicano addicts

Drug use is a major concern within the medical profession
potentially catastrophic consequences if working while under the influence
responsibility of health care professionals to recognize substance use and its consequences among patients
Medical personnel able to obtain drugs in a variety of ways

2 hypothesis- stress, availibility

Military- most members use drugs and particularly alcohol, vietnam war era, associated with life style, ptsd

law enforement- alcoholism higher than general popuation, most important factor is stress, subculture of law tolerates and encourages this type of drinking, police subculture discourages officers to seek help for drinking problems

Vary widely across religious faiths, religions with belief system that forbids substance use are more likely to abstian, rastafarianism- ganja is herb not drug, native americans- peyote,

Restorative drugs- to heal / get better

additive- Drug use by athletes to improve athletic performance, “doping”, is a centuries old practice, for various reasons "Doping“ was first defined by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1967, and the first drug tests were administered in 1968

†The use of performance enhancing substances occurs regularly in high performance sports †Much of additive drug use constitutes a form of deviant overconformity, as an overcommitment to the sport ethic

Movie about mother and son drug addicts

The Family:

Defined: Two or more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption Functions: §Economic production §Socialization of children §Care of sick and aged §Recreation §Sexual control §Reproduction §Regarding drug use/abuse: §Socialization §Protection?

Family structure
family monitoring of activities
family attachment
parental/family substance abuse

Also called Syndrome X (Brecher)

basically the combined use of narcotics and other depressants

Most deaths by overdose not attributable to the pharmacological effects of the drug, but to medical examiners labeling deaths with unknown causes as overdose if the person has been using drugs, but it may not be the “drugs” that led to the death

Predominately dirty needles, sexual contact, IV drug users, crack house sex, lifestyle dynamics

1. fear of shortening life span of already terminal patient

2. fear that increased dosages of narcotics medications will result in patients becoming addicted to the drugs

3. fear of prosecution merely for prescribing these drugs in quantaties necessary for pain relief

Benefits:
-About 10% of producing countries' gross national product comes from the cocaine industry -Also benefits non-producing countries which are located en route to the U.S. (i.e. Mexico) -Distribution networks employ numerous people

costs:
-organized crime
-cartles force darmers to grow coca plant or pay high prices for it
-threaten civilian government
-launder money
-inflation
-drives out legitimate agricultural resoruces

Similarites:
-Farmers producing both crops are poor
-make much more money producing heroin or cocaine than they can producing other crops -Farmers growing crops are most poorly paid in the production/distribution chain
-both powerful business

Differences:
-Heroin less involved in production stage
-Heroin more involved in refinement and distribution stages
-Heroin production economy is much more loosely oranized than cocaine economy

Private costs of drug use and abuse: -Microeconomic: direct costs incurred by the user

Societal costs of drug use and abuse: -Macroeconomic: indirect costs to the larger society
-Loss of productivity (most financially costly)
-Health issues/costs