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4 Vital Signs
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Heart RateBlood PressureRespiration
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1st Line of Defense
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the first line of defense is an external or physical barrier
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the human skin, if unbroken, forms an almost impenetrable barrier against microorganisms
p.p1 {margin: 6.5px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 26.0px Helvetica} sticky mucus that traps microorganisms and digestive enzymes in the mucus can destroy most microorganisms |
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2nd Line of Defense Non-specific (Innate) Immunity
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complex network of organs, works to get rid of the infection
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2nd Line of Defense The Lymphatic System
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white blood cells (called leukocytes ) seek out and destroy invaders and are produced in the lymph nodes
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Three types of defending leukocytes:
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Macrophages (“big eaters”, pus) – engulf antigens
Neutrophils - engulf antigens
Natural killer (NK) cells – kill invaded cells
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Histamine release
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increases blood flow
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Increase capillary permeability :
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Edema – swelling, pressure on nerves = pain
Immune cells circulate better
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3rd Line of Defense Specific Immunity
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Lymphocytes (another class of leukocytes) can recognize antigens and direct an immune response
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B cells
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produce and display antibodies (Plasma B cells), and some also become memory B cells
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T-Killer cells a.k.a. cytotoxic T cells
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Match the template with the viral antigen and kill the virus with toxins; also kill cancer cells
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Active Immunity
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lasting protection against pathogens through the production of antibodies
can be acquired naturally, when a person recovers from an invaders and has produced antibodies against it OR artificially, by the injection of vaccines made of dead or weaken invaders, or even isolated antigens, the body will produce antibodies to provide immunity towards the pathogen |
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Prevention of Disease Summary
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Proper sterilization and/or cleaning of instruments & surfaces
disinfectants (chemical that kill microorganisms on surfaces) E.g., bleach
Proper use of antiseptics (chemicals that can be used on the skin)
e.g. mouthwash, antibacterial soap
Proper use of antibacterial medication
Vaccinations (dead form of pathogen)
Natural human immune response
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Strucutre, reproduction etc of viruses and bacteria
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Http://sciatwci.weebly.com/uploads/5/1/4/4/5144724/germs__viruses_bacteria_and_fungi-frayermodel.pdf
hehe |