RNA, Protein Synthesis, Mutations, & Gene Regulation

Coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within the cell

1. The sugar in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose 2. RNA contains uracil instead of thymine 3. RNA is single stranded and DNA is double stranded

It makes it possible for a single gene to produce hundreds or even thousands of RNA molecules

Protein synthesis - the assembly of amino acids into proteins

One

- carries the genetic information message from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes where proteins are synthesised (made) - long molecule, not folded - readily broken down and remade - varible in length and base sequence

- collects amino acids and takes them to the ribosomes for assembly into proteins - small molecule - winds back on itself to form a "clover-leaf" shape - one end carries an amino acid - one loop has a special triplet of bases (anticodon) which determines the amino acid

- makes up the bulk of the ribosome - large folded molecule

By copying part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA into a complementary sequence of RNA, in a process called TRANSCRIPTION.

- It binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands. - It then uses one stand of DNA as a template from which nucleotides are assembled into a strand of RNA.

RNA polymerase doesn't bind to DNA just anywhere, the enzyme will bind only to regions of DNA known as promoters, which have specific base sequences.

Regions of DNA which have signals in DNA that indicate to the enzyme where to bind to make RNA. SIMILAR SIGNALS IN DNA CAUSE TRANSCRIPTION TO STOP WHEN THE NEW RNA MOLECULE IS COMPLETED.

Editing

Introns

Exons