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Marissa Glessman
AP Language and Composition
Rhetorical Toolbox
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Marissa Glessman
AP Language and Composition
Rhetorical Toolbox
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ALLITERATION
Repitition of the same sound beginning several words in sequence
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Ex. [L]et us go forth to lead the land we love.
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ALLUSION
Brief reference to a person, event, or place, real or fictitious, or to a work of art
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Ex. Let both sides unitre to heed in all corners of the earth the command of Isaiah.
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ANAPHORA
repitition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines
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Ex. not as a call to bear arms, though arms we need - not as a call to battle, though embattled we are
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ANTIMETABOLE
repitition of words in reverse order
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Ex. [A]sk not what your country can do for you - ask what you can do for your country.
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ANTITHESIS
Opposition, or contrast, of ideas or words in a balanced or parallel construction
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Ex. [W]e shall support any friend, oppose any foe.
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ARCHAIC DICTION
Old-fashioned or outdated choice of words
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Ex. beliefs for which our forebears fought
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ASYNDETON
Omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words
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Ex. [W]e shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any fore to assure the survival and the success of liberty.
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CUMULATIVE SENTENCE
Sentence that completes the main idea at the beginning of the sentence, and then builds and adds on.
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Ex. But neither can two great and powerful groups of nations take comfort from out present course - both sides overburdened by the cost of modern weapons, both rightly alarmed by the steady spread of the deadly arom, yet both racing to alter that uncertain balance of terror that stays the hand of mankind's final war.
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HORTATIVE SENTENCE
Sentence that exhorts, advises, calls to action
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Ex. Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring those problems which divide us.
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IMPERATIVE SENTENCE
Sentence used to command, njoin, implore, or entreat
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Ex. My fellow citizens of the world: ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man.
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INVERSION
Inverted order of words n a sentence (variation of the subject-verb-object order)
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Ex. United there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures. Divided there is little we can do.
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JUXTAPOSITION
Placement of two things closely together to emphasize ciomparisons or contrasts
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Ex. [W]e are the heirs of that first revolution. Let the word go forth...that the torh has been passed to a new generation of Americans - born in this country. [emphasis added]
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METAPHOR
figure of speech that says one thing is another in order to explain by comparison
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Ex. And if a beachhead of cooperation may push back the jungle of suspicion.
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METONYMY
Using a single feature to represent the whole
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Ex. In your hands, my fellow citizens, more than mine, will rest the final success or failure of our course.
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