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Cards In This Set
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Pleural effusion is an abnormal collection of fluid in the pleural cavity. Results in lung compression and dysnea
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Causes- increased capillary pressure (CHF), Increased capillary permeabilty(inflammation) hypoalbuminemia,
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(liver damage) impaired lymphatic drainage damage(cancer)
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Pleural effusion
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Atelectasis is the incomplete expansion of a lung or portion of a lung. Causes airway obstruction, lung compression
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( pneumothorax or pleural effusion). Increased recoil of the lung due to loss of pulmonary surfactant
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Pneumothorax is air in pleural cavity. Partial or complete lung collapse. causes:
may be spontaneous or due to trauma
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Obstructive lung diease
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Bronchial Asthma
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Hyperreactive airways reacts to various stimuli and produce, and produce episodic
bronchoconstriction
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Atopic (Allergic, Extrinsic) Asthma
Inhaled allergens produce a type 1
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Hypersensitivity response with increased eosinophils seen in sputum and peripheral
blood
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Nonatopic (intrinsic) Asthma
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Bronchoconstriction is triggered by infections , cold and air pollutants, typically in the middle aged adults
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Chronic Bronchitis-
chronic irritation of airways ( smoking, air pollution) complicated by repeated
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Infections leads to a persistant cough with sputum production for at least 3 months in at least 2 consecutive years.
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There is hypersecretion of mucus from hypertrophied submucosal glands with goblet cell hyperplasia
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Chronic bronchitis
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Emphysema
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Destruction of the normal pulmonary acinar structure leads to dilation of distal
airspaces.
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Centrilobular (emphysema)
(Centriacinar)
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Predominanantly the respiratory bronchioles of the proximal acinar structure
are affected,sparing distal aleveoli
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Mostly seen in smokers. upper lung fields
are predominantly involved, most common in smokers
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Centrilobular (Centriacinar)
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Paniobular (Panacinar) (emphysema)
All portions of the acinus are involved
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Lower lung fields are predominantly involved. Can occur in association with alpah-1 antitrypsin deficiency
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Paraseptal (irregular) (emphysema)
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Focal scarring. often subpleural, results in dilation of airspaces.
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Bronchiectasis
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Chronic infection leads to destruction and dilation of bronchi
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