Rates of Reaction

1. Temperature2. Concentration (or pressure of gases)3. Catalyst4. Size of Particles (or surface area)

1. Precipitation2. Change in Mass3. Volume of Gas given off

More collisions increases the rate of reaction:1. Higher Temperature increases collisions.2. Higher Concentration(or PRESSURE) increases collisions.3. Large Surface Area increases collisions.4. Catalysts Increase the number of successful collisions.
Faster collisions are only caused by increasing the temperature.

A substance which changes the speed of a reaction without being changed or used up in the reaction.
1. Catalysts lower the activation energy.2. Solid Catalysts work best when they have a big surface area.3. Catalysts help reduce costs in industrial reactions.

1. Exothermic Reaction = Gives out energy to the surroundings, usually in form of heat and shown by rise in temperature.
2. Endothermic Reaction = Takes in energy from the surroundings, usually in form of heat and shown by fall in temperature.

A reversible reaction is one where the produces of the reaction can themselves react to produce the original reactants.

This is when a reversible reaction reaches Equilibrium - the reactions are taking place in both directions but the overall effect is nil because they are occuring at the same rate.

Temperature and pressure can be changed to get more product.
1. If you raise the temp then the endothermic reaction will increase to use up the extra heat.2. If you reduce the temp the exothermic reaction will increase to give out more heat.
1. If you raise the pressure it will encourage the reaction that produces less volume2. Reduce the pressure and you will encourage the reaction that produces more volume.

Nitrogen and Hydrogen to produce Ammonia.
Conditions: Pressure: 200 atmospheresTemperatures: 450 degreesCatalyst: Iron
Ammonia formed as a gas and then condensed to a liquid in a condenser and removed.Hydrogen and Nitrogen all recycled.

High pressures favour the forward reaction so Pressure set as high as expenses allow.
Works best at lower temperatures, but not so low that the reaction is too slow.

Catalyst makes reaction go faster so it reaches equilibrium but doesn't effect the position of equilibrium itself.