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Cards In This Set
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Preoperational intelligence
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Piaget's term for cognitive development between the ages of about 2 and 6; it includes language and imagination (which involves symbolic thought), but logical, operational thinking is not yet possible.
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Centration
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A characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child focuses (centers) on one idea, excluding all others. and example is a child thinks their dad is a father, not a brother because of his role in the family
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Egocentrism
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Piaget's term for children's tendency to think about the world entirely from their own personal perspective. an example is a child giving their mother a present they would enjoy, but the parent may not.
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Focus on appearance
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A characteristic of preoperational though in which a young child ignores all attributes that are not apparent. an example is a girl with short hair is thought to be a boy
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Static reasoning
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A characteristic of preoperational though in which a young child thinks that nothing changes. whatever is now has always been and will be.
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Irreversibility
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A characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child thinks that nothing can be undone. a thing cannot be restored to the way it was before a change occured.
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Conservation
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The principle that the amount of a substance remains the same (i.e. is conserved) when its appearance changes.
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Animism
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The belief that natural objects and phenomena are alive
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Guided participation
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The process by which people learn from others who guide their experiences and explorations
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Zone of proximal development
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Vygotsky's term for the skills - cognitive as well as physical - that a person can exercise only with assistance, not yet independently
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Scaffolding
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temporary support that is tailored to a learner's needs and abilities and aimed at helping the learner master the next task in a given learning process
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Private speech
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The internal dialogue that occurs when people talk to themselves (either silently or out loud).
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Social meditation
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Human interaction that expands and advances understanding, often through words that one person uses to explain something to another.
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Theory-theory
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The idea that children attempt to explain everything they see and hear by constructing theories
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Theory of mind
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A person's theory of what other people might be thinking. in order to have a theory of mind, children must realize that other people are not necissarily thinking the same thoughts that they themselves are. that realization is seldom possible before age 4.
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