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The
field of ______ studies the role of inherited traits
in personality.
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Twin
studies have found that identical twins are more similar than
fraternal twins or unrelated people in certain aspects of
personality such as what?
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intelligence,
leadership, tendency to follow rules, assertiveness, and
aggressiveness.
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Adoption
studies have supported some of these findings and have suggested a
biological basis for what two?
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shyness
and aggressiveness.
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In
an attempt to describe “national personalities,” Who conducted a
cross-cultural study for IBM which resulted in a description of each
country along four basic dimensions?
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The
dimensions Hofstede observed were what?
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individualism/collectivism,
power distance, masculinity/femininity, and uncertainty avoidance.
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Methods
for assessing personality have been developed based on specific
theories of personality as well as the various goals of what?
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classification,
self-insight, and the diagnosis of psychological disorders.
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An
_____ is a method of personality assessment in which
the professional asks questions of the client and allows the client
to answer in either a structured or unstructured manner.
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Interviews
are limited by the fact that clients can lie, intentionally or
unintentionally, and the interviewers can bring their own biases
into their interpretations including the _____, which
is the tendency of a person’s first impression to influence later
assessments.
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Psychoanalysts
have developed ______ in an attempt to assess a
person’s unconscious conflicts or desires by having them _____
onto an ambiguous visual stimulus.
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projective
tests and projected
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Two
of the most commonly used projective tests are the _________
and the _________ or ____.
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Rorschach
inkblot test and Thematic Apperception Test or TAT.
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Projective
tests are highly ______ and have been found to have
very low reliability and validity.
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A
behaviorist would be more likely to measure personality by what?
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In
_______, the psychologist would observe an individual
in a specific setting and record his or her behaviors through the
use of a _____ or a ______.
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direct
observation, rating scale frequency count.
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Critics
of this approach have pointed out the possibility for both the
________ and ______.
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effect
and observer bias.
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Trait
theorists would be most likely to use a _____, which
consists of a questionnaire that has a standard list of questions
that require specific answers such as “yes” or “no.”
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