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What was the significance of Bessel's work for the new psychology?
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- astronomers observed stellar transits using the "eye & ear" method- Bessel discovered observations of all astronomers differed from one another in consistent ways - Corrected for by calculating person equations - Onslaught of publications about personal equations- Role of human observer in all other sciences?-Led to study of human sense organs
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How did it relate to the work of Locke, Berkeley, and other empirical philosophers?
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Locke and Berkeley- inexact correspondence between the nature of the object and perception of it- Bessel's work supported this with data (science is based on experience supported locke's ideals on experience)
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How did developments in early philosophy support the mechanistic image of human nature?
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- early physiologists studied brain functions by conducting research directly on brain tissue -mapping from the inside - like a machine, could remove certain parts of the brain to determine functions, and see which functions are impaired
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Three Methods developed to map brain function?
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1. Extirpation Method 2. Clinical Method3. Electrical Stimulation
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Define Extirpation Method
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Extirpation Method - destroy brain part & observe resultant behaviour change - Pioneer: Pierre Flourens (1794-1867)eg. cerebellar lesions in young dog, loss of coordination - found locations of brain operations
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Define Clinical Method
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Clinical Method - posthumous examination of brain to search for cause of behavioural condition- pioneered by Paul Broca ( 1824-1880)ex. aphasic patient called tan, lesion in frontal lobe which affected language abilities
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Define Electrical Stimulation
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- apply weak electric current to brain part & observe resultant behaviour change - pioneered in 1870 by Fristch & Hitzigex. Stimulating points in certain region (motor strip) elicited movements on the opposite side of the body
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What did cranioscopy later became well known as?
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Phrenology
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Describe Gall's cranioscopy method and the popular movement that derived from it?
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Cranioscopy- shape of skull reveals person's intellectual & emotional characteristics- founded by Franz Gall (1758- 1828)- Gall mapped location of 35 attributes (innate facilities)-embraced by prominent intellectuals ( Auguste Comte and Alexander Bain)- popularized by Johann Spurzheim (derived facilities)
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How was cranioscopy discredited?
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Piere Flourens was the most effective critic- shape of skull doesn't match contours of the underlying brain tissue- tissue too soft to produce bulges and dents in the bony surface of skull- areas designated for specific mental functions by phrenologists were in error- ablation-caused deficits can improve over time
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Why was phrenology so popular?
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1. Gall's great reputation: recognized as a brilliant anatomist, very well respected 2. Potential for Phrenology: Mind could be studied scientifically. Zeitgeist of the times. 3. Practical Advice: facilites give place to practice. Room for improvement 4. Consistent with American Ideals of Individuality: Unique persons. traits as individuals celebrated.
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What was the ultimate goal of the Berlin Physical Society?
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Berlin Psychical Society- 1840's, students of Johannes Muller (1801-1858)- committed to mechanism -society members- signed oath committed to single proposition:" no other forces than the common psychical- chemical ones are active within an organism"
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What is an interesting fact about the Berlin Psychical Society?
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- alleged signed oath in blood- mentors of major psychology influencers
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Mechanistic Influences
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-empiricists arguing sensation is the only source of knowledge- physiologists defining structure and function of senses - now the doorway to mind opened ~ subjective, mentalistic experience of sensation was to become subject to experimentation & quantification >> Ernst Weber
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Describe Weber's research on two-point threshold?
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Two- Point Threshold: - smallest spatial distance at which two concurrent but separate sources of touch can be detected- apparatus resembles a drawing compass- first experimental demonstration of threshold!! - interested in tactile sensitivity
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