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Ammonia nitrogen can be incorporated into
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Organic material easilyand directly because it is more reduced than other forms of inorganic nitrogen
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Some microorganisms form
amino acids alanine in a reductive amination reaction catalyzed by |
Alanine dehydrogenase
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Pyruvate + NH4+ + NADPH(NADH) + H+———— ———— Reversible
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L-alanine + NAD+(NADP+) + H2O
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Major route for ammonia incorporation is
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Formation of
glutamate from alpha-ketoglutarate |
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Many bacteria and fungi employ glutamate dehydrogenase
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At least whenammonia concentration is high
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Alpha-ketoglutarate + NH4 + NADPH(NADH) + H+ ————— —————- reversible
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Glutamate + NADP+(NAD+) + H2O
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Different species vary in their ability to use
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NADPH and NADH as reducing agent in glutamate synthesis
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Eitheralanine or glutamate has been synthesized
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Alpha-amino group can be transferred to other carbon skeletons by transamination reactions forming different amino acids
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Transaminases possess
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Coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate
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It is responsible for
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Amino group transfer
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Microorganisms have number of
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Transaminases
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Each of which catalyzes the formation of several
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Amino acids using sameamino acid as an amino group donor
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When glutamate dehydrogenase works in cooperation with transaminases
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Ammonia can be incorporated into variety of amino acids
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A second route of ammonia incorporation involves two enzymes acting in sequence
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Glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthetase
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Ammonia is used to synthesize
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Glutamine from glutamate
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