Plant Nutrition

Micro-zinc-chloride-iron-manganese-nickel-copper
Fe Cu Ni Cl Mn Cl

Macro-Nitrogen-phosphate-potassium-calcium-magnesium-sulfur
NPK is fertilizer strength N P K S Ca Mg

Required for normal growth/ reproduction-plant cannot complete its life cycle with nutrients AND-required for a specific structure or metabolic function.

Zone of maturation: has root hairs and where the older cells complete their differentiation into: dermal, ground and vascular tissue--root hairs up take nutrients

zone of elongation: made up of cells that are recently come from meristematic tissues and are starting to get characteristics and increase in length
zone of cellular division: contains the apical meristem where the cells are actively dividing along with the protoderm, ground meristem and procambium; where additional cell division occurs.

Changes the electrochemical gradient which allows for the uptake of positively charged micronutrients
--protons move to negative clay and positive cations to move into root

When H+ ions are pumped across it creates a electrochemical gradient. This allows the formation of a channel for K+ ions to be drawn into the negative interior, NO3- ions are brought in through co-transport when it binds with an H+ and goes through when protons move through the nitrate comes along

Nitrogen is plentiful but N2 cant be used by plants because its in a very stable form with a triple bond. Fertilizers can be used but requires a tremendous amount of energy to create--- plants can do this reactionNitrogen fixation occurs when species of bacteria are able to absorb N2 form the atmosphere and convert it to ammonia, nitrites or nitrates. It requires a series of specialized enzymes and cofactors, including a large multi-enzyme complex call nitrogenase. The process is extremely energy demanding. An expendature of up to 24 ATP molecules required for nitrogenate to reduce one molecule of N2 to 2 molecules of NH3. Sometimes bacteria that are capable of nitrogen fixation take up residence inside plant root cells.
PLANT DONATES SUGARS/ SPECIAL STRUCTURES AND LEGHAOGLOBIN TO THE BACTERIA IN ORDER TO RECEIVE NITROGEN

1. Root hairs release a flavonoid that attracts rhizobid which then move into the root hairs2. Rhizobia proliferate inside root hair and cause an infection thread to form.3. Infection thread grows into the center of the root.4. Infection threat bursts, releasing rhizobia inside cortex cells into cytoplasms5. Nodule forms from rapid diving cortex cells. Cell Division begins.

Leghaoglobin: produced by the plant for the bacteria to absorb O2, protect bacteria from O2
-nitrogenase complex in bacteria is poisoned by oxygen-if oxygen was still there the electrons would attract necessary protons and make water instead of ammonia (fixated nitrogen)

1. N2 (16 to 24 ATP are added)2. Hydrogen ions go in3. 8 electrons go in 4. making NH4+ and H2+
NH4+ can then be used by the plant to make DNA/RNA, proteins, amino acid

Plant produces leghemoglobin--- allows for more efficient nitrogen fixation

All feed on other organisms
epiphytes are non parasitic they can live with the plant in harmony (GROWN ON AND GET NUTRIENTS FROM RAIN WATER, DUST OR CREVES OF BAR)---- using height advantage
Parasites: tap into energy source
Carnivorous: make own sugars via photosynthesis but they get their nitrogen from eating other animals/plants ---no extensive root system

Root hairs

Use of plants to clean up dirty soils
--some plants can take up toxins to clean the soil