Physiology - Test 3- Sensory & Muscle Physiology

Taste - bumps on tongue are called papillae - taste buds surround (Non neural polarized epithelial cells) Each taste cell sensitive to one taste - Works same as olfaction - molecule bind to specific receptors - general signals specific to certain molecules.

-Sound waves strike the tympanic membrane - the sound wave is transferred to the 3 bones in the middle ear - the stapes cause the membranes of the oval window to create fluid waves in the cochlea - the fluid waves push on the membranes and the hair cells release neurotransmitters - neurotransmitters release into the sensory neurons causing an AP -AP goes to the brian - the waves dissipate back into the middle ear at the round window.

Bony cochlea - cochlea duct - organ of corti - responsible for hearing.

basilar membrane - has variable sensitivity to sound wave freq. along its length. The frequency of sound waves determines the displacement of the basilar membrane. The location of the active hair cells create a code that the brain translates as info about the pitch of sound.

Utricle - linear acceleration or head tilting anteriorly/posteriorly (parallel to ground)Saccule - verticle directed acceleration - going from lying down or seated to standing.

Vascular tissue that covers the sclera - can become infected - conjunctivitis or "pink eye" produces pus - if allergic reaction - no pus

Degeneration of optic nerve caused by high intra ocular pressure. Lose peripheral vision first... can have surgery to correct, beta blockers can help - AA & elderly most affected

Accommodation is an increase in lens curvature that occurs when viewing a nearby object - the lens will thicken. 1) firing of parasympathetic nerves to ciliary muscle 2) contraction of ciliary muscle 3) relaxation of zonular fibers 4) relaxation of the lens so it becomes more spherical 5) nearby objects are brought into focus.

Drop of anesthesia - jam blunt probe into punctum - twist to dialate - push syringe in - bend 90 deg., push in more, twist another 90 deg., push plunger to flush.

Measures tension/pressure in intra ocular eye (IOP)

Cornea - clear front part of eye - acts as lens - bends or refracts light - stronger lens than the lens.Ciliary body processes - (bumps) that produce aqueous humor - watery solution that contains nutrients (glucose & Vit C) gives to lens & cornea.Meibomian Glands (Tarsal Glands) - produce an oily secretion that coats the surface of tears & keeps them from being evaporated.

Medial to macula - it's where the retinal ganglion cell axons exit the eye forming the optic nerve (CNII)Where nerve exits at back of eye

Rods - fxn in low light, motion & night vision (black & white) - found in peripheral portion of retinaCones - high acuity vision - color vision in day - found Centrally in retina

Fovea - small section of retina - photo receptors receive light directly - most responsible for extremely clear vision found in macula on temporal side.Macula - responsible for clear central vision (full of melatonin - albinos have unclear vision due to lack of melatonin) Found in center of the visual field on the temporal side.

Damage to the center of the retina - loss of vision in the center of the visual field - peripheral vision remains intact. It is most common in old white people.