Physical Anthropology Final

7 myaChad (central Africa)
small 350 cc brain
small face
small less ape-like teethmassive brow-ridgebipedal - established by foramen magnumlived in forest

6 myaKenya
only post-crania foundfemur- appears to show bipedal locomotionape-like hands< 4 ft talllived in forest

4.4 myaAwash Valley, Ethiopiavery fragmented fossils foundsmall 350 cc brainfully bipedal1/2 arboreal> toesnonhoning dentition< 4 ft talllived in wooded setting

4 myaAwash Valley, Ethiopia
large caninesdiastema w/ rectangular teeth = primitivebipedal< 4ft talllived in wooded setting

4.0-3.0 myaHadar, Ethiopia Brain Size AVERAGE of 420cc
Skull form low, flat forehead; prognathism; prominent brow ridges; flat nose; very sloping chin
Jaws/Teeth relatively large incisors and canines; diastema; moderate-sized molars; U shaped jaws
Distribution East Africa
Dates 4.0-3 mya Culture? No developed tool culture recovered.

3.5 mya400 ccpossible cooperation/competition w/ afarensismore derived than afarensisskull and teeth foundflat facelived in woodlands

3-2 myaTaung child found by Raymond DartBiostratigraphyHeight Still short—less than 5 feet tall
Physique Lightly built; longer arms; prob. less sexual dimorphism than afarensis
Brain Size 440cc (slightly larger)
Skull form Higher forehead; short face; less prominent brow ridges
Jaws/Teeth Small incisors and canines (reduced compared to afarensis); larger molars; no diastema
Distribution South Africa
Culture: No tool use

Brain Size 410cc
Skull form Parts of the skull, particularly the back portions, are very primitive, most resembling afarensis; the largest sagittal crest in any known hominid.
Jaws/Teeth massive face, jaws, and single tooth found
Distribution East Africa
Dates 2.5 mya Culture no toolsEvolved toward Bosei?

2.5 mya470 cc brain"missing link"Gracile> 5 ft tallScavengers (scavenger hunt)tool using> tool marks on animal jaw

2.5 mya440 cc brainteenage boy/adult femaleprimitive/derived bipedalflat fingered

Height 3’11”
moderate sexual dimorphism in the skull with females appearing without crests and males with
Brain Size 520cc
Skull form distinct sagittal crests; long, broad, flat (dish) face; moderate facial buttressing; no forehead large brow ridges
Jaws/Teeth very thick jaws; small incisors and canines; large premolars; very large molars
Distribution South Africa
Dates 2-1 mya Vegetariansmall body/ giant faces

Height Still <5 feet
Brain Size 520cc
Skull form prominent sagittal crests; very long, broad flat face; strong buttressing on the cheekbones
Jaws/Teeth very thick jaws; small incisors and canines; large premolars; very large molars
Distribution East Africa
Dates 2.0-1.0 mya

Height <5’ Physique relatively long arms to legs. May have even retained a tree-climbing ability Brain Size 630cc Skull presence of a supraorbital torus/brow ridge, more rounded occipital, less projecting jaws, small back teeth. Distribution Mostly East Africa (also in SA) Dates 2.4-1.5mya Culture: Oldowan tool use for bone marrow

Height 5’6” Physique - robust, but human-like skeleton; the robusticity of the lower limbs with very strong muscle markings means the legs were subject to extraordinary stress during exertion Brain Size 900 cc average Skull large supraorbital torus, receding frontal, pronounced nuchal torus, sloping chin, when viewed from the back the skull is pentagonal in shape (widest at the base), change in position of the nasal aperture with clearly projecting nasal bones, presence of a sagittal keel (NOT CREST!). Jaws/Teeth Incisors large, often shoveled Dates 1.9mya-200,000 ya

350,000 yBP