Phonetics Exam 4

Laryngeal vibration or voicing is when the folds are opening and closing; each cycle of opening and closing is due to changes in sub-glottal and supraglottal air pressure and the Bernoulli Principal.

1) Thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, and arytenoid cartilage2) vocal folds (not really cords) can be opened (abducted) and brought together (adducted)

The Bernoulli principle is when a gas or liquid runs through a constricted passage the velocity of air increases resulting in drop in the pressure perpendicular to the direction of the flow exerted by the moving gas or liquid. Ex. Doors shut because they are sucked shut because of the pressure drop caused by the flow of air

Primarily due to the Bernoulli principle

sub-glottal pressure builds up because of air pushing up from lungs; when pressure has built up it blows the folds open (the open phase of the voicing cycle) Now the air rushes through the glottis at increased velocity, resulting in a drop in pressure against the inner sides of each fold that sucks them together. This the closing phase. The sucking together is due to the Bernoulli Principle.

Different Phonation types. -Whisper-Voicelessness-Murmur-Creaky voice or Laryngealization

Whisper is when the Vocal Folds are open but constricted which makes turbulence at the glottis. The turbulence is the sound source and used in all languages for affect, not as a linguistic contrast

The glottis is open but unconstricted symbol open circle under letter.

This is when VF vibrate while partly open- Folds are open in back, closed in front during vibration- the result is some turbulence and voicing- sometimes called voiced aspirationrepresented with an h superscript

This is when VF tightly together at the back (where the arytenoids are) can vibrate only on a short length and at very low frequency, symbol is the tilde below letter

Pitch- the vocal folds are elastic- the frequency of the vibration is determined by the elasticity tension and mass of folds. Pitch is manifest in languages as tone or intonation.

What happens in the larynx

The Simple States include voiceless where vocal folds abducted; voiced where vocal folds adducted and Bernoulli effect); whisper vocal fold adducted but not together along whole length, narrow glottis; creaky ocal folds he;d together except for one small section near front which is allowed to vibrate slowly Combined states included creaky voic/laryngealized voice and murmur or breathy voice

Folds are abducted we get voicelessness or murmer ; abduction gesture may exhibit different patterns of coordination with respect oral articulations and different degree of opening

Model voicing is used in all languages in the production of approximants and vowels. But not necessarily observed in stop production, some languages like Spanish model voicing might be the cue