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What is fundamental frequency?
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The rate of vocal cord vibration.
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What are harmonics?
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Harmonics are waves at intervals equal to the fundamental frequency
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F1 runs _. And F2 runs _.
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F1 runs vertical and F2 runs horizontal.
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What are some problems with reading the vowels on spectrograms?
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Vowel formants differ b/w sexes due to size of vocal tract and individual vocal tracts differ. Vowel formants also differ bw individuals of the same sex. Why? Differences in individual size of vocal tract. Vowel formants differ for the same individual on different occasions because formants result from the position of tongue and sociolinguistic variation.
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What is vowel dispersion?
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Vowel dispersion occurs because vowels tend to be placed in a way that they are maximally perceptible. (5 vowel system i, u, e, o, a are the commonest
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Why are the front vowels almost always unrounded?
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The features front and unrounded both increase the frequency of the 2nd vocal tract resonant frequency. F2 The highest f2 found in vowels is /i/
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Why are back vowels almost always rounded?
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The back and round conspire to lower the second formant, so the lowest F2 is found in /u/
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Why are low vowels almost always central and unrounded?
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This configuration produces the highest value of the first vocal tract resonant frequency, first forman F1 and causes F1 and F2 to be close in frequency
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When F1 is high there is no way to produce extreme values on ___.
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F2
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Why are fewer contrast maintained in secondary sets? (fewer nasalized than plain vowels)
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All the secondary vowel features tend to inhibit the perceptual salience of the vocal tract resonant frequencies. ex. nasalized vowels are more easily confused for each other than non-nasalized vowels
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How are consonants produced?
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Consonants are produced by obstructing the airflow.
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What are some degrees of obstruction?
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Maximal...........................................................................Minimalstops......fricatives......nasals.........approximants.............vowels(vowels made with no real obstruction in oral cavity)
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What is an obstruent?
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1st primary class of consonants; includes stops, fricatives, affricates-made by obstructing the airflow with a large degree of stricture
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What is a sonorant?
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A sonorant includes glides and approximants small degree of obstruction
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What is a stop?
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A stop is when the airflow is stopped altogether, then released with a burst of air, it can be produced at every place of articulation
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