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Cards In This Set
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What three ancient civilization contributed significantly to beginnings of Neuropsychology
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Incas: systematically made holes in skulls to determine effect of damage to specific areas of the brain
Egyptians: experimented with criminals, tried to cure by trepanation Greeks: collected and compiled info, more systematic approach to documentation |
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What two hypothesis were debated by the greek regarding how the mind influenced the body/ behavior?
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Cardiac (empedocles)
versus Brain (Alcmaeon) Hypotheses. |
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Describe Aristotle's theory of behavior
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-anticipated tabula rasa-theory of the psyche or mentalism (mind=processes feelings and behaviour)
-Hylemorphism: what makes us human is matter an form (essence of being) -Mind and body work independantly but in parallel with no attributable parts (no layers) -subscribed to cardiac hypothesis |
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What is Tabula Rasa?
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Idea that we are born with a blank mind set, then our behaviour and everything is filled in with information based on experiences
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Herophilus
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Ca. 270 BC
-First Human Dissector -Ventricles as the "seat of the soul" (protected by skull and layers of brain tissue, closer to heavens |
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Eristratus
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(ca. 260 BC)
-Aor--> Vital Spirit --> Animal Sirit -> action Thought that because we need O2 to survive, had to be a mechanism in the lungs that changes into our spirit cital spirit and then goes to brain to make animal spirit, which goes through rest of body to produce action |
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Galen
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(ca. 129-199 AD
-Mind and brain association vs Aristotle's view (at time virtually uncontested due to Aristotle's reputation and interests of church because suited religion to have a mind separate from the body) |
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Galen believed that people could be characterized in what ways?
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Stable:
Sanguine (extroverted) Phlegmatic (Introverted) Unstable: Choleric (angry) Melancholic (depressed) |
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What is the current specific approach taken to neuropsychology?
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Bio - Psycho - Social
Bio=brain structure/functional statusPsycho= cognitive change/ emotional statusSocial = Quality of life/ potential for social integration |
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What are some examples of other disciplines which contribute to neuropsychology?
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-Educational psychology-cognitive/experimental psychology-Neuroimaging-social psychology
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Dualism
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Mind and body separated but interactive (Descarte)
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Descrive some of Decarte's beliefs
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-Dualism-Animals are mindless and "machine-like", cannot speak or reason (had ethical implications on children and inferms as well)-De Homine
-Soul resides in pineal body |
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De Homine (1662)
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Tried to explain that part of the interaction (between mind and brain?) occured through the gaseous animal spirits
-initally thought it was water, but couldn't find liquid in nerves so decided it was gaseous instead (Descartes) |
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Why did Descarte believe the soul resided in the pineal gland?
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- not bilaterally represented-not far from ventricles
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Who were the Fathers of Materialism
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Charles Darwin (1809-1892) and Alfred Russel Wallace
-Darwin's idea of a common descent : the nervous system -this idea was revolutionary |
