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*Defective development of Fourth ventricle,Cerebellum and pons means that which part of developing brain was likely effected during Embryologic development?
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*METE encephalon...
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2 markers we can use Prenatally to diagnose Neural tube defects(Mechanism:Failure in Fusion in anterior and posterior neuropores)
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*Increased ACHETYLCHOLINEESTERASE and ALPHA FETO PROTEIN(AFP) in the amniotic fluid can help with prenatal diagnosis of NTD..
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Which type of neurons and where could account for congenital absence of pain perception?
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*Small-diameter neurons in DORSAL ROOT ganglia...* first order neurons for pain pathway are slow diameter neurons of dorsal root ganglia**second Order neurons are in the spinothalamic TRACT***third order neurons are found between THALAMUS AND PRIMARY SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX....
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Continuous circular/FLAPPING motions of LOWER extremities on one side coupled with JERKY movements on same side but of upper extremities.lacunar infart of what and on which side?
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*SUBTHALAMIC Nucleus of OPPOSITE side.
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So how will they take dermatomes which require memorization and test you on that BUT at the same time checking your BASIC MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE?
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So instead of just asking you Umbilicus as T10 they will ask you between which VERTEBRAL levels does these sensory nerves originate so the answer is BELOW T10 and ABOVE T11.this is true for T1-T12(All pas UNDER the the same vertebral level)NOW very HY:
CERVICAL nerves are different they pass ABOVE their corresponding vertebral level so take GREATER OCCIPITAL NERVE(C2), it passes between C1-2(meaning ABOVE C2, contrast this with T2 which passes between T2-T3 meaning BELOW T2), C1-C7 follow this rule(Pass ABOVE corresponding vertebrae) but C8 passes BELOW C7(C7-T1) because there is NO C8 vertebrae.this is MUST know if you don't know you will miss questions even if you know every part of body with its dermatome. |
 Lesion where would cause LOSS of Pupillary constriction on right side in response to shining light in BOTH eyes. |
*That means that Efferent pathway on right side is defective,because it would constrict with shining light to the opposite side if afferent only was defective on right side(afferent from left side would promote constriction of BOTH pupils), so that means that efferent pathway was defective-so in our case it is likely LESION in OCCULOMOTOR nerve(Efferent constrictor of pupil) on the RIGHT side.image ilegal
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Adsa
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Sda
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Horner syndrome>Drooping why?
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SYMPATHETIC innervation to SMOOTH muscle(MUELLER MUSCLE) is interrupted not levator palpebrae superioris(Skeletal muscle Innervated by CN3)
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Sensation from lower lip,anterior 2/3 of tongue,chin-likely foramen obstructed,motor deficits of muscles of mastication?
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Formane OVALE-as likely CN 5 branch involved is V3(MANDIBULAR)don't confuse with V2 which would manifest as sensory loss from middle part of face like CHEEK not chin) and passes trough foramen rotundum.(V two-roTWOndum)
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Axons of neurons whose cell bodies are in outer laminae of spinal cord's DORSAL horn terminate in?
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CONTRALATERAL VPN nucleus of thalamus.as description best fits SECONDARY neurons of spinothalamic tract.
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Uvula deviation if there is LEFT brainstem lesion?
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To the opposite side.
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Asd
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Asds
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DERIVATIVE of which layer induces differentiation of ectoderm into neuroectoderm which gives neural PLATE(Gives neural tube and crest cells)?
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MESODERM, because NOTOCHORD is that thing that induces the differentiation of eCtoderm and notochord itself is derived from MESOderm.it is HY to know that timing of this differentiation of ectoderm induced by notochord happens in FIRST trimester of pregnancy during days 18-21 days.
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How notochord induces establishment of ventro-dorsal axis of embryo?
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*It secretes SHH which travels DORSALLY and is inhibited by Wnt which travels ventrally and they together determined doroventral axis.
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DORSAL Horn and DORSAL column(SENSORY pathways) precursors develop from?
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ALAR Plate-DORSAL structure.
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