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What is motor learning?
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Processes requiring PRACTICE and PROBLEM SOLVING that result in learning or improving movement capability
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How can you tell if there has been motor learning?
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- RETENTION of improved performance
- SKILL (CONSISTENCY) - ability to generalize: TRANSFER of learning |
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Motor Performance
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Motor behavior used to complete a task at a SPECIFIC moment in time
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2 forms of learning:
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- implicit (nondeclarative) learning
- explicit (declarative) learning |
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Implicit (nondeclarative)
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-nonassociative
- associative -procedural |
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Nonassociative (implicit)
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: stimulus- response learning (given a single stimulus repeatedly
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Associative (implicit)
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Learning by predciting relationships
- 2 types: -- classical conditioning: learning the relationship of a stimulus to another (using a weak stimulus with a strong stimulus) -- operant conditioning: learning the relationship between a particular behaviour and the consquences through practice trial and error |
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Procedural (implicit)
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No need for attention or conscious thought
happens automatically requires a lot of trial and error |
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Explicit (declarative)
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Consciously recalling parts of the activity
- getting the person to recal components - what you use for learning and relearning |
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Procedural learning neural pathways:
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Sensiomotor cortices, parietal and cerebellar structures
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Explicit neural pathways:
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Frontal brain areas, hippocampus, medial temporal structures
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4 types of processing
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Encoding: storing in short-term
consolidation: stable to store storage: long term memory retrieval: recall from long-term memory |
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Schmidt's schema theory:
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Sensory feedback from the ongoing movement is compared within the nervous system with the stored memory of the intended movement
- the generalized motor program contains rules for creating the spatial and temporal patterns of muscle activity needed to carry out a given movement |
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Newell's ecological theory of learning as exploration
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-movement contains: the task itself and the environment, the capabilities of the person, the laws of physics including biomechanics
- must identify and control regulatory features and identify which are relevant |
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Movement emerges from:
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Interaction between the individual, the task, and the environment
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