Microbiology Diseases

1. Staphylococcus aureus2. Pimples/Boils/Carbuncles form due to activity of coagulase. 3. The infection spreads in the hair follicle until it forms an abscess. It continues to spread and may expand to other hair follicles, causing a carbuncle. If the organism enters the bloodstream, the infection can spread to other parts of the body such as the heart, bones, or brain. A large protion of the population has S. aureus in heir nostrils at any point, so it is easily spread from one individual to another.4. Prevention is difficult. Can try to eliminate carrier state by applying antistaphylococcal cream to the nostrils and using soap that contain an antistaphylococcal agent. Treatment often requires that the pus be drained surgically from the lesion and antistaphylococcal medicine be given. Treatment is complicated because many strains of S. aureus are resistant to antibacterial medications

1. Staphylococcus aureus strains that produce a toxin called exfoliatin.2. Red rash, sand paper texture, fever, lg blisters, peeling of the skin. Secondary infections occur and looss of body fluids due to the disruption of the body's first line of defense (the skin)3. Person to person contact.4. Isolation, treat for antibiotic resistant bacteria.

1. Rickettsia rickettsii (obligate intracellular, gram negative coccobacilli)2. Most evident in capillaries. Symptoms are headache, muscle and joint pain, sudden onset of moderate to high fever in summer (or when ticks are out), DIC starting on the extremities and working towards the trunk in as little as three days following symptoms. Once it spreads to heart, kidneys, and other body tissue it can result in shock and death. 3. Through wood tick and dog tick bites4. Prevent with tick repellents, protective clothing or careful removal of tick within 4-10 hours. After removal of the tick, treat the wound with antiseptic. Early diagnosis and treatment significantly reduce the mortality rate. Antibiotic treatment is vital.

1. Borrelia burgdorferi (spirochete with gram negative wall)2. Three phases Phase 1-enlarging red rash at the site of the bite and migrating out "Bullseye" (only in about 2/3 of cases). flu-like, fatigue, chills, fever, headache, stiff neck, joint and muscle pains (that slowly subside) Phase 2 - (2-8 weeks after rash appears) electrical conduction in the heart and cns is impaired, dizzy spells or fainting, paralysis of the face, severe headach, fatigue (which subside) Phase 3 - arthritis, joint pain, with swelling and tenderness of joint (happen in 60% of all cases). Chronic nervous system impairments such as localized pain, paralysis, and depression can occur.3. Deer tick.4. Prevention with tick repellents, protective clothing, or careful removal of a tick within 36 hours. After removal of the tick, treat wound with antiseptic. We have a vaccine, but it fails in 1 out of 5 cases. Treat with antibiotics. Need prolonged antibiotic therapy in chronic cases.

1. Varicella-zoster virus (DNA virus of the herpes family)2. Itchy bumps and blisters on face, throat and lower back (sometimes on chest and shoulders, fever3. Incubation period of 10-21 days (infective 1-2 days before rash appears). Disease enters into the respiratory system and can be spread by respiratory droplets. Virus then spreads to target tissue-skin and the lesions it produces contain infectious virus and respiratory secretions. Dangers in older individuals are pneumonia, congenital Varicella syndrome (TORCH) and immunocompromised. Also can lead to serious secondary infections by S. pyogenes or S. aureus if a child scratches the lesion.4. Prevention with the attenuated virus (primarily given to prevent shingles from occurring later on in life because chicken pox is not too bad, but shingles can be). Treatment with antiviral medication.

1. Varicella-zoster virus (DNA virus of the herpes family). 2. Pain in the area supplied by a nerve of sensation, often on the chest or abdomen but sometimes on the face or an arm or leg. After a few days to 2 weeks, a rash characteristic of chickenpox appears but is restricted to an area supplied by the branches of the involved sensory nerve. Rash will subside within a week, but the pain persists for weeks, months, or longer. 3. Caused by the reactivation of chickenpox in adults due to the adult being immunocompromised. Virus becomes latent in the ganglia and when the immune system becomes depressed the virus rectivates4. Chickenpox vaccine for prevention.

1. Varicella-zoster virus (DNA virus of the herpes family)2. Patients begin vomitting and slip into a coma. Causes liver damage and brain damage3. Severe complication of chicken pox or other viral infections such as influenza that cause fever. Associated with the use of aspirin to relieve symptoms. Affects children and teenagers exclusively.. Mortality rate as high as 30%4. Chickenpox vaccine for prevention.

1. Rubeola virus (RNA virus)2. Rash spreading from forehead to trunk and extremities with fever. Koplik'sspots (Red patches with white spots on oral mucosa)3. Virus replicates in the ciliated epithelial cells and travels to lymph nodes, then to rest of body. Incubation period of 10-12 days and infection is contagious prior to symptoms. Transmitted via respiratory route. Secondary infections are pneumonia, encephalitis, and secondary bacterial infections4. MMR vaccine, attenuated vaccine (although the vaccine cannot be given to children under 1 year of age, so they are at high risk)

1. Rubella virus (RNA virus)2. Macular rash (from antigen/zntibody complexes), causes small red spots and low fever, may cause painful joints in adults, cold symptoms, faint rash on face, chest and abdomen3. Replicates in the upper respiratory tract and can be transmitted via the respiratory route. There is an incubation period of 2-3 weeks. The real problem is when it infects the placenta of pregnant women and causes Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS).4. Attenuated rubella virus vaccine

1. Streptococcus pyogenes (group A, beta hemolytic)2. local inflammation and fever, pharyngitis, tonsillitis3. Spread by respiratory droplets. Danger is in developing post-streptococcal sequelae (begins 1-3 weeks after acute illness and include acute rheumatic fever which is the leading cause of heart disease in you in the third world countries and acute glomerulonephrities)4. Treatment is 10 days of penicillin or erythromycin

1. Streptococcus pyogenes (group A, beta hemolytic) strain that releases an erythrogenic toxin2. roughening of the skin and red rash that spares the area around the mouth. causes the tongue to look like the surface of a ripe strawberry3. Spread by respiratory droples4. Treatment is 10 days of penicillin or erythromycin

1. Corynebacterium diptheriae2. Incubation period of 2-6 days. Local and systemic pathology - local pathology:sore throat, fever, and malaise. formation of pseudomembrane in the back of throat that can come loose, obstruct the airway and kill the individual. systemic pathology:due to production of a toxin absorbed and disseminated through lymph channels and blood ot susceptible tissue of the body (heart, muscle, peripheral nerves, adrenals, kidneys, liver, and spleen)3. Inhalation of infectious droplets, direct contact with patient or carrier or indirect contact with contaminated articles4. Prevent with immunization (TDaP vaccine). Treat with antitoxin (essential due to virulence of toxin)

1. rhinovirus or coronavirus2. Incubation period of 1-2 days with and ID₅₀ of 1. Sneezing, increased nasal secretions, congestion, usually no fever4. Prevented by washing hands and avoiding people with colds and touching face. There is no lasting immunity because of how quickly it mutates and no generally accepted treatment except for control of symptoms

1. Adenovirus (over 45 different types)2. Incubation period of 5-10 days. Fever, sore throat, severe cough, swollen lymph nodes, pus on tonsils, conjunctivitis3. Tranmited via inhalation of infected respiratory droplets. 4. It is self limiting and symptoms may last as long as 3 weeks. Sometimes it progresses into pneumonia. The live virus vaccine that was formerly used is no longer used. No treatment except for relief of symptoms

1. Streptococcus pneumoniae2. Chills, high fever, breathing difficulty, and chest pain3. Spread via respiratory droplets4. Treatment with penicillin. There is a conjugated vaccine developed from the capsules of 23 of the most common strains
Highest mortality rate among very young and very old although it occurs in all ages. High carrier rate. Immunosuppression increases chances of disease.