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_ is the study of what genes are, how they carry information, how their information is expressed, and how they are replicated
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Genetics
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DNA in cells exists as a _-_ _; the two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between specific nitrogenous base pairs: AT and CG.
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Double-stranded helix
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A _ is a segment of DNA, a sequence of nucleotides, that codes for a functional product, usually a protein.
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Gene
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When a gene is expressed, DNA is transcribed to produce RNA; mRNA is then translated into _
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Proteins
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The DNA in a cell is _ before the cell divides, so each daughter cell receives the same genetic information.
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DUPLICATED
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_ is the genetic composition of an organism, its entire complement of DNA.
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Genotype
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_ is the expression of the genes: the proteins of the cell and the properties they confer on the organism.
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Phenotype
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The DNA in a _ exists as one long double helix associated with various proteins that regulate genetic activity
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Chromosome
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Bacterial DNA is _; the chromosome of E. coli, for example, contains about 4 million base pairs and is approximately _times longer than the cell.
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Circular
1000
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_ is the molecular characterization of genomes
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Genomics
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Information contained in the _ is transcribed into RNA and translated into _.
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DNA
proteins
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During _, the enzyme RNA polymerase synthesizes a strand of RNA from one strand of double-stranded DNA, which serves as a template.
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Transcription
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RNA is synthesized from nucleotides containing the bases _ _ _ AND _, which pair with the bases of the DNA strand being transcribed
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A, C, G, and U
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RNA _ binds the promoter
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Polymerase
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_ is the process in which the information in the nucleotide base sequence of mRNA is used to dictate the amino acid sequence of a protein.
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Translation
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