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Related Flashcards
Cards In This Set
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Extraction (solubility-based methods)
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Combines 2 immiscible liquids, one of which easily dissolves the compound of interest. ***Acid-base properties can be used to increase solubility (dissolve an acid in a base & a base in an acid)
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Wash (solubility-based methods)
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Reverse of extraction, where a small amount of solute that dissolves impurities is run over the compound of interest
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Filtration (solubility-based methods)
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Isolate a solid (residue) from a liquid (filtrate); liquid-solid mixtures is poured onto paper filter that allows solvent to pass through & solid is collected on the paper
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Gravity Filtration (solubility-based methods)
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Solvent's own weight pulls it through the filter. Used when product of interest is in the filtrate (liquid). Hot solvent is used to maintain solubility
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Vacuum Filtration (solubility-based methods)
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Solvent is forced through filter more quickly by vacuum connected to the flask. Used when residue (solid) is product of interest
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Recrystallization (solubility-based methods)
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Product is dissolved in minimum amount of hot solvent. If impurities are more soluble, the crystals will reform while the flask cools, excluding the impurities
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Distillation (distillation-based methods)
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Separates liquids according to differences in their boiling points; liquid w/ lowest boiling point vaporizes first & is collected as the distillate
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Simple Distillation (distillation-based methods)
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Can be used when boiling points are under 150 oC & are at least 25 oC apart.
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Vacuum Distillation (distillation-based methods)
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Can be used if the boiling points are over 150 oC to prevent degradation of the product. Use of vacuum lowers ambient pressure so vapor pressure of products don't have to be as high to get them to boil
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Fractional Distillation (distillation-based methods)
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Can be used if boiling points are less than 25oC apart because it allows more refined separation of liquids by boiling point. As liquids boil, get caught on material in the column, that condenses them, then they reboil, and keep doing this until they get all the way up the column and condense in flask
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Chromatography (chromatography-based methods)
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Use 2 phases to separate compounds based on physical or chemical properties
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Retardation Factor (Rf) (chromatography-based methods)
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Compounds w/ higher affinity for stationary phase have smaller Rf values & take longer to pass through, if at all; compounds w/ higher affinity for mobile phase elute through more quickly. Compounds therefore get separated from each other, called partitioning.
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Chromatography Types (chromatography-based methods)
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Thin-Layer & PaperChromatography (chromatography-based methods)
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Column Chromatography (chromatography-based methods)
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Utilizes polarity, size, or affinity to separate compounds based on their physical or chemical properties
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