Lab Exam 1 - 133

Mutualism- beneficial
parasitism- harmful
commensalim: have no effect

Prokaryotes: very small single-celled organisms, which lack intracellular membrane- bound organelles, no nucleas, bacteria are prokaryotes
Eukaryotes:large single cells, or mulitcellular, they have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. fungi, protozoa and parasitic worms are eukaryotes

If microbes breach the surface, enter body tissues and multipy. an infection that causes noticeable impairment of body function is called infectious disease.

normal flora: microorganism established on a body surface without producing disease
transient flora:those inhibiting the body in irregular intervals, only temporary
pathogenic flora: producing infectious disease

1-they produce yogurt, alcohol, antibiotics, vitamin K and some elements of the vitamin B complex
2- they also decomse dead organic matter
3-cause bread to rise, dispose of sewage waste and fix nitrogen for crop plants

- acellular infectious agents
- 18-300 nm
- consist of particles of nucleic acid ( RNA or DNA) enclosed in protein coat (capsid)
- may also posses one or more enzymes and an additional layer, the envelope ( required from the membrane of the previous host cell during release of the virus)
- do not have their own metabolic machinary- obligate intracellular parasites
"naked" does not evelope

Essential to the attachment of a virus to its host cell

Orthomyxoviruses: cause influenza and herpes viruses
herpesviruses: chickenpox, gential herpes, shingles, monocucleosis, and some types of cancer and cold sores.

Cocci (spheres) bacilli( rods), spirilla (spirals) and singly, or chains(strepto-), clumps (staphylo-) or pairs ( diplo-) and they can be flagellated and some can produce spores.

Staining greatly enhances their visibility
Gram stain: introduced by cristain Gram in 1884, it makes use of the bacterial peptidoglycan in the cell wall. Organisms with a think peptidoglycan layer in their cell wall stain dark purple and termed "gram positive". Those with a thin peptidoglycan layer in their cell all stain light pink and are termed "gram-negative"

Are eukayotes, obtain nutrients through absorption. most fungi consist of mulicellular filaments called hyphae which may grow into mats called mycelia. Hyphae form initially from the elongation of a germinating reproductive cell called a spore. As more and more mycelium is produced by the growing, branching hyphae, the organism may reach visible proportions.
some fungi (yeasts) remain unicellular and raely produce hyphae.

Many filamentous and yeast like fungi grow in a form that is referred to as a mold. A mold is any slimy, cottony or filamentou fungal growth which develops on the surface of organic material . Molds can consist of both vegetative mycelium (that portion of the fungus that is used in energy gathering and in absorptive nutrition, and can be inside the organic matter or above (aerial) and reproductive sturctures.

asexual reproductive structures, which produce asexual spores that are usually on the tips, look fuzzy powdery.

Are unicellular eukaryotic organisms which lack a cell wall. The four groups mainly differ in their means of locomotion. 1-amoeba group (Rhizopoda or Sarcodina) moves by flowing amoeboid movement. 2- Ciliates (Ciliata or Ciliophora) are propelled by numerous short hair like cilia. 3- Flagellates (Flagellata or Mastigophora) which use one or more flagella 4-Sporozoa which have no known means of locomotion

1- Giardiasis and Crytosporidiosis - are condition caused by pathogen protozoans and produce sympthoms such as malabsorptive diarrhea, weight loss, and abdominal crmaps.

Is a protozoa, which produces malaria. which is the fourth leading cause of death in developing countries and leas to approximately one million deaths per year