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Causes of exchange rate movers
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Tradersspeculatorsinvestorsgovernments
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Protectionism and trade restriction
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-tarriffs-quotas-orderly marketing arrangements and voluntary export restrictions-formal and administrative non tariff trade barriers -generat agreement on tariffs and tradeworld trade organization
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Specific limitations on trade
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Quotasimport licensing requirementsproportion restrictions of foreign to domestic goodsminimum import price limitsembargoes
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Customs and administrative envy procedures
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Valuation systemsantidumping practicestariff classificationsdocumentation requirementsfees
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Types of non tariff trade barriers- standards
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Standard disparitiesintergovernmental acceptances of testing methods and standardspackaging labeling marking and safety standards
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Types of non tariff trade barriers- government participation in trade
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Government procurement policesexport subsidescountervailing dutiesdomestic assistance programs
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Types of non-tariff barriers- charges on imports
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Prior import deposit subsidiesadministrative feesspecial supplementary dutiesimport credit discriminationsvariable leviesborder taxes
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Non tariff barriers-others:
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Voluntary export restraintsorderly marketing agreements
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Monetary barriers
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Blocked currencydifferential exchange rategovernment approval to secure foreign exchangeexchange permit
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International agencies for promoting economic and monetary stability
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International monetary fundworld bank(international bank for reconstruction and development)group of seveneuropean monetary system
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World trade regulation
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General agreement on tariffs and tradeworld trade organization WTO
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Economic integration as a means of promoting trade
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-free trade areas-customs unions-common markets-monetary unions-the global economy
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