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The quality of test results in an agglutination reaction depends on al the following:
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1. Duration of incubation.
2. Amount of antigen conjugation to the carrier.
3. Avidity of antigen conjugation to the carrier.
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Flocculation procedures differ from latex agglutination procedures because?
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Soluable antigen is bound to carrier.
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In the hemagglutination technique, antihumanglobulin is used as an enhanement medium to detect _____________antibodies.
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IgG.
Some antibodies (IgG) do not DIRECTLY agglutinate erythocytes, This incomplete or blocking type of antibody may be detected by using an enhancement medium such as Anti- humanglobulin.
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The prozone phenomenon can result in a:
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False negative reaction:
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The effect of competing antibodies seekin to attach to antigen is called.
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Steric hindrance
Steric hindrance is an important physiochemical effect that influences antibody uptake by cell surface antigens. If dissimilar antibodies with approximately the same binding constant are directed aginst antigenic determinants located close to each other the antibodies will compete for space.in reaching their specific receptor sites.
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All the following are methods that can be used to enhance agglutination of IgG antibodies :
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1.Centrifugation
2. Treatment with proteolytic enzymes.
3. Use of colloids
4. Antihuman globulin.
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Match the following grades of agglutination with the descriptions.
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Mixed field................Few isolated aggragates supernatant appears red.
1+................A few small aggragates turbid and reddish supernatant.
2+............Medium sized aggragates.clear supernatant
4+ ......... all the erythrocytes are combined into one solid aggragate ; clear supernatant
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1.Precipitation:
2.Agglutination
3. Co agglutination
4.Flocculation
5.Hemagluttination:
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1.Aggregation of soluable test antigens
2. Aggregation of particulate test antgens
3. Uses antibodies bound to a particle to enhance visibility of agglutination.
4. Based on interaction of soluable antigen with antibody, resulting int he formation of a precipitate of fine particles.
5. Agglutination of erythrocytes in test for antibody detection.
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Artificial or biological Carriers that can be used in an agglutination reaction are:
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Latex particles, colloidal charcoal, Erythrocytes coated with antigen,
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Sensitization:
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Is the first phase of agglutination,
Represents the physical attachmeny of antibody molecules to antigens on the RBC membrane.
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Aggutination can be enhananced by all the following:
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Centrifugation.
Treatment with proteolytic enzymes
Use of colloidsanti human globulin
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