Immunology Exam #1

Memory is characterized by a more rapid and heightened immune reaction that serves to eliminate thepathogen and prevent disease. Memory B-cells live and respond quickly to Ag encounter.

Diversity: Each antibody is identical w/ regard to the N-terminal regions that are used for epitope interaction; All Abs secreted from a given B cell will be identical in the same regard

Specificity:Abs and Tcrs are very specific for particular epitopes--they each lock/key interact w/ antigen (via non-covalent bonds); even though Abs and Tcrs are highly specific there can be cross reactivity--- Abs and Tcrs can engage other antigens if there is enough structural similarity (case by case)

The primary response has a lag of approximately 5–7 days before antibody levels start to rise. This lag is the time required for activation of naive B cells by antigen and TH cells and for the subsequent proliferation and differentiation of the activated B cells into plasma cells. Antibody levels peak in the primary response at about day 14 and then begin to drop off as the plasma cells begin to die. In the secondary response, the lag is much shorter (only 1–2 days), antibody levels are much higher, and they are sustained for much longer. Because of these memory B cells, the secondary immune response is swifter and stronger----this powerful secondary immune response is what gives “immunity” to some diseases after you have had them once or after you have been vaccinated.

In the process of clonal selection, an antigen binds to a particular T or B cell and sitmulates it to divide repeatedly into a clone of cells with the same antigenic specificty as the original parent cell

Does not come into play until there is an _____ challenge to the organism. ----_____ eliminates specific foreign microorganisms and molecules. ----Responses are not the same in all members of a species but are reactions to _____ antigenic challenges. ---- List the 3 Characteristics of Adaptive Immunity ----Takes approx 3-7 days to get adaptive I.R initiated and active Innate: ----Provides the first line of defense against infection. Most components of innate immunity are present ____ the onset of infection and constitute a set of disease-resistance mechanisms that are not _____ to a particular pathogen; ----In general, most of the microorganisms encountered by a healthy individual are readily cleared within a few days by defense mechanisms of the innate immune system before they activate the adaptive immune system. Defenses: skin, ____, phagocytic cells and ____ recognition receptors.


Answers: antigenic Selectively specific Memory, Specificity and Diversity before specific mucous pattern

Cowpox and small pox share epitopes (structurally the same or very similar); Primary I.R arose after inoculation with cowpox and exposure to small pox led to secondary I.R due to shared epitopes, Secondary I.R afforded protection against disease onset

The formation and development of ____ and _____ from a Hematopoietic stem cell; it begins in the embryonic ____ sac during the first weeks of development then migrates to the fetal liver and finally to the spleen.

RBCs; WBCs; yolk

Common lymphoid progenitor cells give rise to 1.) ____ 2.)____ 3.) and some ____ cells. Myeloid stem cells generate progenitors of red blood cells (______), many of the various white blood cells (neutrophils, _____, basophils, monocytes, ____ cells, dendritic cells), and platelets.

Answers: B, T and Natural Killer; dendritic erythrocytes; eosinophils; mast

--B-Cell Function: differentiate into ____ (effector) cells---antibody factories---and ____ cells in the immune response.

--T cells are responsible for ____ mediated immunity; with the help of their Tcrs they engage _____ antigens ex: pathogens inside a cell such as viruses.

---Natural Killer Cells are functionally related to Tcells but they are ____ acting cells (no memory associated with these cells); rely on conserved receptors to recognize conserved molecular patterns. NK cells have preformed granules with packed perforins (FUNCTION---to form ____) and granzymes (FUNCTION: to induce ____ within virus-infected cells) ready to go.

Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinohils

The primary lymphoid organs (bone marrow and thymus) provide appropriate ______ for the development and maturation of lymphocytes. The secondary lymphoid organs trap _____ from defined tissues or vascular spaces and are sites where mature lymphocytes can ____ effectively with that antigen. Blood vessels and lymphatic systems connect these organs, uniting them into a functional whole.

Answers: microenvironments ; antigen; interact

Cap beds; the movement of WBCs from blood capillary bed into tissue space or into an organ such as a node; Swelling; Extravasation allows for cells such as leukocytes to reach the site of tissue damage or infection.

The lymphatic system

Tissues

Lymph nodes

Becomes trapped

Transports lymphocytes and antigens from connective tussues to organized lymphoid tissueswhere they lymphocytes may interact with the trapped antigen and undergo activation.

A group of serum proteins; Inflammation, cell lysis (destruction of cells) and opsonization

Classical pathway, Alternative pathway and lectin pathway;

Alternative pathway; Ag-Ab complex;MBL

A culmination of the C' cascade; C5b & C6-C9

C3a, C5a, & C5b67

inflammatory response

Conserved molecular Patterns

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns

TLRs
secreted
intracellular

IL-1, IL-6 & TNF-alpha; Inflammatory response;
IL-1; thermoregulatory center in the hypothalamus; Innate immunity; MBL, SAP & CRP; vascular; decreases, increases and increases

IL-8, MIP-alpha and MIP--beta;

Macrophage Inflammatory Protein;

IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-alpha;

integrin
extravasation
ICAMs