HSB Test 3

-In the 40 years of debate over the issue, #s of people who are on different sides has stayed the same.

-RU486 (mifepristone) blocks progesterone (prog. level drop is indicative of problems- they should be high in preg. women) use by body, often used with prostiglandins that cause uterine contractions. Results in expulsion of embryo: up to 6 weeks gestation (8 weeks past last menstrual cycle) 97% effectiveness. 6% American abortions, 1/3 French and European abortions. -Dilation and Evacuation (D&E): dilation of the cervix and suction of the embryo/fetus: 98% of legal american abortions) 1st trimester. Will not damage uterus- if you miscarry, they do this too. -Dilation and Extraction (D&X): dilation of cervix and extraction of fetus (1.3% of americans) with instrument (forceps) 2nd trimester abortions- because of fetal damage- chromosomal abnormalities/ obvious problems- have to wait for these tests. -20-week abortions extremely rare- about 1% of abortions performed, typically done when mother's life is in grave danger and only solution is delivery of fetus, such as in cases of rapidly deteriorating organ functioning- heart/kidneys most often- induce labor, hysterotomy- take uterus, D&X. Earliest pain perception seems to be about 28 weeks. Something like Trisomy 18, which isn't detectable until this point and isn't conducive to life.

-40% of population live where abortion is available on demand. -46% live where abortion is situational. (mom's phys and mental health is an issue, fetal damage, rape, and incest). -14% live where abortion is only legal to save a woman's life.

-<9% done after 1st trimester (13 weeks) -More common among younger women and teens who denied pregnancy during earlier stages. -Common among women who receive prenatal test results that indicate catastrophic damage to the fetus. -Abortions after 20-21 weeks gestation are extremely rare. <1% of abortions performed (induce labor, hysterotomy, D&X) >90% of abortions are done in 1st trimester ->60% are done within 1st 8 weeks. -Strict Islamic/Catholic regions- Guatemala, Iran, Ireland, Syria, Lebanon, Philippines, Venezuela- only allow abortion to save mom's life. -No abortion at all: Chile, Andora, Gibulte, Malta. -In South America, where abortion is only legal to save lives, 70% of all gynecological problem visits are from a botched abortion. 41/1,000 women undergo an illegal abortion every year. ->80,000 women/year die because of self-abortions. -30-50% global abortions performed legally by physicians.

-1 in 1,000- motorcycling -1 in 3,000- illegal abortion -1 in 6,000- driving a car -1 in 14,300- continuing pregnancy -1 in 63,000- oral contraception -1 in 67,000- legal abortion 9-12 weeks -1 in 500,000- legal abortion <6 weeks

-1/3 teen pregnancies ended in abortion - However, 56% abortions occur between 20 and 29 (single-relationship status, education in process?, money-getting a kid to age 18 costs 1/3 million dollars.) -Ab. rates are higher for women economically disadvantaged -women with annual incomes <15K are 4 times more likely to abort than women with >60K/year. -and who perceive lower partner/family/social support. -83% abortions are to unmarried/separated/divorced/widowed women. ->40% of Am. women will have an abortion at some point. -Age of first birth is now around 24- age of first marriage is now around 25. Birth < Marriage. -Less than 1% men show up for abortion appointment.

-St. Augustine (354-430 CE): A soul cannot live in an unformed body. Abortion is only murder following ensoulment. Abortion common in early stages. -Pope Innocent III (early 13th century): the soul enters the body of the fetus at time of "quickening"- 16 weeks (when you can feel them move). Thought: males get souls at 40 days and females at 80 days. -St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274): only the abortion of an "animated" fetus is murder. - abortion is now grounds for excommunication.

-Early American history- abortion legal until "quickening." - protestant and catholic -Abortion declared illegal in mid 19th century except for in cases of maternal health and exceptional cases. (existed for about 90 years) Due to fear of "mongrelization" of society and white/protestant women having more abortions than new immigrants. -Roe vs. Wade: 1973 declared ban on abortion unconstitutional based on a constitutional right to privacy. (laws that cracked comstock laws led to this)

-Religious perspective: at conception, 90 days-ensoulment and with breath- inutero practice breaths, 26-28 weeks or at birth with first breath, when fetus is 1/2 delivered from mother's body. -Scientific perspective: with cell division, with early development of neural tube, with primitive neuro waves at 6 weeks, at 3 months when "looks" more human, at quickening- 16 weeks, at 24 weeks- hypothetical viability, at 26-28 weeks when fetal brain functioning resembles infant. -2 lists are quite similar.

-% of people holding divergent opinions has not changed considerably since 1975. -Illegal: in all cases -Conditional: rape/incest or life threatening circumstances. -Legal: abortion should be available until viability.

I. outlawed contraception and abortion in 1966 to boister falling population ii. enforcement a. all reproductive viable women undergo monthly pelvic exams to detect pregnancy- miscarriage is investigated and suspected abortions punished by 1-5 years in prison, b. Police stationed in hospitals monitored legal abortions (maternal health, rape, incest, fetal abnormalities) c. Strict financial penalties for married adults who haven't reproduced within 2 years of marriage. d. men/women who were childless after 25 could be taxed up to 20% of income. e. divorce outlawed. f. Age of consent lowered to 15, out of wedlock reproduction encouraged. -Video: children underground- unwanted children put on the street.

I. Instituted 1 child policy to reduce massive population that threatens mass starvation. ii. Enforcement: a. One-child families given cash bonuses, better housing, longer maternity leave, better child care. b. Women's brigades monitor families, contraception use, pregnancies, and quotes for reproduction in demographic areas. c. Unmarried adults encouraged to wait, people without children encouraged to "wait their turn," couples with 1 child "encouraged" to be sterilized. d. Episodes of forced abortions and infanticide are documented. e. Gender specific abortions: China's missing daughters.

-Ovulation: The release of the secondary oocyte into the fallopian tube -stimulated by LH, corpus luteum secretes progesterone to support pregnancy until placenta can begin to secrete HCG, Progesterone, Estrogen.

-Zygote: one cell, containing complete human genome resulting from fertilization of ovum. starts at ampulla. -Duplication and division: during first 36 hours after contraception, cells duplicate genetic material and divide to form new identical cells. Zygote travels down the fallopian tubes towards uterus. Dividing into a morula. -Once morula has entered the uterus, it becomes the Blastocyst (50-150 cells) *Implantation in uterus=when pregnancy begins.

-Implantation: 84% occurs between days 8-10. Blastocyst implants in uterine wall and starts producing HCG (preg. hormone). HCG "tells" corpus luteum to continue producing progesterone- after matured, placenta signals it's ready and produces its own progesterone and HCG. -Differentiation (specialization) cells begin to act individually, reproducing at different rates. Stem cells have not differentiated and can become any one of 350 different types of cells (can become anything)- can't extract some stem cells without harming baby. -Sometimes immune system kills blastocyst- usually b-cyst sends signal to uterine immune system letting it know it's okay. -HCG= what pregnancy tests are looking for.