History of Modern Africa

- Africans participated in slaving rival tribes via war & sacrifice vs. British slaving as commodities
- Europeans introduced guns, which increased war & raids
- Christianity was introduced (Although most Africans remained Arab, Muslim or African)
- Europeans set up trading posts & settlements
- Mulattoes/Metis become an established social class
- Increase of European goods in African markets

- Was the youngest son of Portuguese King, John I
- Played a significant role in Portuguese exploration
- Experimented with ship design, map making and new systems of navigation
- SIGNIFICANCE: Allowed for successful exploration of new lands, especially Africa, India & China

- Was the mani Kongo (Kongo King) when Portuguese arrived in late 15th century
- Established alliance between Kongo Kingdom and Portugal
- SIGNIFICANCE: Nkuwu's alliance with Portual allowed for technological exchanges between Europe and Africa; showcases Portugal's new navigational skills

- Founded by Dutch in 1602
- Dutch controlled much of the West African coast
- Dutch East India Company trading posts eventually transformed into permanent colonies
- SIGNIFICANCE: Conveys the domination of the Dutch in European affairs (especially trade)

- Trekboer is a frontier farmer
- Moved away from overly settled areas and relocated where land was readily available on frontier
- Moved with herds and large families
- Self sufficient and hostile towards outsiders
- Originally from Cape Town; came to form Boer people
- SIGNIFICANCE: Rigid social attitudes played an important role in pre-apartheid philosophies and the introduction of the British into African exploration and colonialism

- Stated the necessity of a closed economic system that embraces colony and country
- Most used by England as France as they supported their growing colonies in America
- IMPORTANCE: Allowed for the creation of British and French trading monopolies and the spread of slaving in West Africa

- Mulattoes living in French-African settlements of Saint-Louis and Goree
- Most were practicing Christians
- Many adopted French speech, names and dress
- IMPORTANCE: Exemplified the convergence of African and European ideals

- Iboland oracles represented a supreme deity, known as Chuku
- Oracle held great power in determining the path of slave trade
- SIGNIFICANCE: Oracle provided slave traders safe passage through Iboland and had the authority to dole out fines to be paid in slaves

- Began in 18th century with Akwamu and Denkyira, and culminated with the Asante
- Afro-European trade affected interior and exterior
- SIGNIFICANCE: All appear to be stimulated by mercantile designs

- Had the tools and determination to seek out the commercial profit in Africa and Asia
- Portugal, under leadership of Prince Henry, inspired other Europeans to explore
- Portugal was more interested in India and China, but still spread Christianity and western technology to Africa
- Influenced the demand for slave labor in other countries

PORTUGAL
- First to arrive
- Settled in West Africa for trade and slaves
- Spread technology and Christianity

DUTCH
- Occupied West Africa; first to settle South Africa
- East India Company settlements colonized, but rarely flourished

BRITAIN & FRANCE
- Wanted to colonize Africa to support their North American claims
- Settled in West Africa
- British came to monopolize slave trade

- Emergence of plantation economy in America was largest driving force for slavery
- Slave breeding was time consuming and costly; cheapest and most efficient slave labor was from Africa
- Africans have always used slaves as a form of bartering, war captives or tributes
- Europeans came to practice slavery as livestock and property

- De facto rulers of Egypt during mid-13th century
- Originally a special caste of peasants, they used military strength to seize power
- Eventually defeated by Muhammad Ali
- SIGNIFICANCE: Despite humble roots as slaves, Mamluks' oppressive feudal system was crippling to the farmers and commoners of Egypt

- Time of great economic, social, and political modernization
- As European nations produced more commodities for import and export they needed the raw materials from Africa
- Cotton, sugar, rice and tobacco from Africa
- SIGNIFICANCE: Newly emerging markets in Europe needed raw materials from Africa, which in turn helped modernize African markets as well

- The main birthplace of the jihad
- Hausaland holy war, or Sokoto jihad, was led by Usuman dan Fodio
- Hausaland was eventually divided into two territoreis
- SIGNIFICANCE: Those who followed dan Fodio aspired for religious purity and in turn increased the commercial exchange of the country through creating cultural and religious unity