History Final Exam Notebook Flashcards

Not a good military leader or administrator. In 1560, shortage of wine from Cyprus. Selim decides to conquer Cyprus for better source of wine. Cyprus was run by Christians and war begins.

Shift in thought between the 16th and 18th centuries. Focus was on reason and empirical observations. Reformation has a key role with the willingness to challenge established church hierarchies. This created European superiority since the Enlightenment was unique to Europe. Newton had his theory on gravity. Everyone was very secular. Rousseau believed in popular legitimacy and John Locke believed everyone was born with a clean slate. Enlightenment thinking fueled new forms of imperialism based on the notion of scientific discovery.

Intellectual movement in 18th century Europe stressing natural laws and reason as the basis of authority.

(1707-1778) Divided all plants and animals into genus and species and within the homo sapiens he found five groups, or races, defined by skin pigmentation and social qualities.

(r. 1716-45) tried to reform corruption habits after japan started to face a desperate ecological situation.

System of taxation aimed at people in Balkin region and particularly resented by Christians. The tax levied on village paid in money or goods or children (called Janissaries) or administrators. They would learn Turkish and convert to Islam. Janissaries became strong soldiers and are the reason Ottomans pushed north.
System of taking non-Muslim children in place of taxes in order to educate them in Ottoman Muslim ways and prepare them for service in the sultan's bureaucracy.

(1756-1763) Oriented around originally North American and finale whole world. French and British clash in 1754 at Fort Dusquesne, underlying cause was the desire of the colonists to occupy land further west. Sparked a major international war between protestants and catholics which pitted the Prussians and British against the French, Russians, and Spaniards. The significance is not the battles themselves but the result of the war, mounting debts on all sides. Dinwiddie was the governor who saw the French forts as threats to land Washington built Fort Necessity, Canadian fur traders attacked and Washington had to surrender, war starts because of all of this fighting. Stamp Act was a result of the Seven Years War.
Worldwide war that ended when Prussia defeated Austria, establishing itself as a European power, and when Britain gained control of India and many of France's colonies through the Treaty of Paris.

(1786-7). Veterans in rural Massachusetts rebelled when the state foreclosed their properties for non-payment of taxes. Each colony had its own war debt. Constitution with amendments finally signed and was a delicate balance between state and national government, executive, judicial, and legislative branches of authority. Slavery was the key issue ignored; slaves count as 3/5 of a person for calculating size of congressional districts, but states allowed to define them as non-persons for all other purposes.
Uprising of armed farmers when the Massachusetts state government refused to offer them economic relief.

Louis XVI became king in 1774, but had no money, huge debts. Tried to reform the tax system by calling the Estates-General in 1789. Only they could legally implement the taxes he needed. The frustrated Third Estate representatives refused to disband the Estates-General until checks were placed on the Monarch's power. Then non-elites took charge, stormed the prison at Bastille, Louis XVI tried to flee, other nobles left to form and violence against France. The tiers of the Estates-General go nobility, Clergy, Non-noble elite (like lawyers).
French quasi-parliamentary body called in 1789 to deal with the financial problems that afflicted France. It had not met since 1614.

French Revolution occurred 1792-1815. Republicans were led by Maximilien Robespierre, part of the Jacobins, very idealist and very violent. He created a new "Public of Virtue", this inspired a great deal of resentment, but Robespierre felt justified in sacrificing liberte to defeat his political opponents. Jacobins did succeed in defeating foreign armies through universal conscription (draft system) - French was for more than nobility at this point. A general named Napoleon Bonaparte won many battles for the republic (mainly in Italy) and in 1799 he came to power in a coup d'etat. In 1804 he was crowned Emperor, very ambitious, attack on Russia devastated his armies - France was conquered in 1815.

Took over as leader of the Haitian Revolution after Boukman (Voudon priest) was killed in 1792 during the attacks on plantations and cities.

"Great Peace", claimed to herald a new era of economic and social justice from Manchus (Qing Dynasty). (1850-64). Hong Xiuquan (a frustrated student) has a dream and begins this movement. Eventually defeated by British. Hong was one of 20 million people who died.

Chinese rebellion against the Manchu leaders, led by Hong Xiuquan.

Tnskwatawa was an Indian leader of the peoples of the great lakes and ohio valley. He thought they should purify themselves of European goods: return to traditional hunting, stop relying on white trade goods/crops (wheat), no liqueur, no guns. Similar to wahabis. Lack of success. Holy town: nucleus of purity. Christianity spreading with industry and innovations.

Earliest response to industrialization probably took place in Islamic world. In the desolate Najd region of the Arabian peninsula, Muhammad Ibn abd al-Wahhb (1703-92) attached the lax religious practices of people living there, stressed the absolute oneness of Allah (thus followers known as muwahhidin or Unitarians).

A term meaning "unitarians"; these were followers of the Wahhabi Movement that emerged in the Arabian peninsula in the 18th century.

The American Civil War took place 1861-65. Slave owners in US South wished to create anti-democratic, proslavery state based on the Dred Scott ruling that slaves were property. Of 12 million people living there, 4 million were slaves, 4 million were women. After Lincoln's election, slave-owners struggled to rally even the 4 million white men behind the cause. West Virginia split from Virgina over this, didn't have slaves since it was mostly small farms.

"House of God", led by Indian judge Barrera. Had a vision involving a speaking cross telling him of the excluded community in rain forest. Mayan parts of Mesoamerica ignored by Spanish, civil war allowed them even greater autonomy in early 1800s. Mexico's war with the US in 1846 led to aggressive taxation, rebellion in Yucatan, Mayans who survive flee. Led to creation of syncretic blend of Christian and Mayan beliefs epitomized by the stone temple of Balam Na. Henequen crop demand for automobile seats means Balam Na begins to deteriorate.
Stone temple and place of pilgrimage for the Mayan people of Mexico's Yucatan peninsula.