History 102 Final Exam

In 1933, provided work for people during the Great Depression. Built things like picnic shelters (Hoight Park, Peninsula State Park). Created manual labor jobs for millions of unemployed. Important b/c instead of FDR just giving the unemployed a handout, he created federal work projects to give them money. Went along with the dynamic of the New Deal, no handouts, less gov't forcing money into their hands, and more of the gov't helping people get the means to put money in their hands.

Proposed in 1932, was a federation of unions that organized workers in industrial unions in the US from 1935-1955. It merged with the American Federation of Labor in 1955. This federation supported FDR and the New Deal, and was open to African American's. Organized worked in mass production fields along mass production unions. Broke off from the AFL, expanded to become multiracial, women, immigrants were included. Important b/c it was part of the political dynamic of the New Deal, as it gave rise to the Unions. It was important b/c instead of giving people money straight into their pockets from the gov't, it gave people the power of unions and consequently the power to push employers to give them more money, it put the power into the people's hands. But, while it seemed to include everybody, it still excluded certain industries (agriculture, maids), and these industries tended to be mostly A.A.'s or immigrants.

Started in 1934, was an independent agency of the US gov't charged with conducting elections for labor union representation and with investigating and remedying unfair labor practices. Important b/c it was needed to sanction over the newly enacted Wagner Act, which gave labor unions more power. It was needed to make sure that the employer's followed the act, as well as that labor unions did not take unfair advantage. It opened unions to new people. Once again, it was part of the New Deal's policy to empower workers to make changes themselves instead of just giving them handouts. FDR didn't want to force businesses to change. Instead of putting money into the pockets of workers, they would get the right to collectively bargain.

1933-1947. Roosevelt finally backed down, said blacks had the same rights getting a job if the company had a federal contract. More of a moral statement than any litigation. Would expire after the war. Was important b/c it was the first time civil rights had been equalized since after the Civil War. Idea that they should all get the four freedoms.

Is a 1935 federal law that limits the means with which employers may react to workers in the private sector who create labor unions, engage in collective bargaining, and take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands. Basically the same thing as the NLRB definition except this is the legislature that allowed the NLRB to be put into place. Remember to mention FDR and the how it reflected the New Deal policy of giving people the power of unions and the power to make change. But also important to remember that this did not apply to the agriculture or domestic service people. (mostly black)=larger white middle class but larger inequality between whites and blacks.

Freedoms that FDR preached during the WWII. Wanted to spread that idea that every country and every citizen deserves to have certain essential freedoms, the freedom of speech/expression, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear. He wanted every human to have these rights. It was a good idea, but it was debated whether to implement these freedoms around in other countries that it might be imperialistic, and therefore not okay. FDR claimed that America had led a unique path, and therefore had all the right tools to be the leader of this movement. Also scrutinized b/c he was preaching these 4 freedoms worldwide, but blacks at home were not even receiving them, and it wasn't until the culmination of the March on Washington Movement that blacks were even given a step towards equality in the workplace.

During FDR, New Deal Policies like the Wagner Act were meant to give everybody more rights and the ability to join some form of a union, but this term refers to how some workers were left out of the Wagner Act. Agriculture workers, domestic service workers like maids, and others didn't receive some of the policies, mostly couldn't have the ability to unionize. It is relevant b/c the people who mostly worked in these industries were mostly black, so while it was not "intentional" it definitely could be interpreted as some form of discrimination. Also important b/c, just like the GI Bill, it wasn't meant to be discriminatory, but since it barred certain groups from certain policies it definitely seemed as though it was. Unearned privileges for the poor and earned privileges for the rich.

Q

1941, recommended punishment for discrimination employers, some unions claimed that gov't couldn't intervene, and they had the right to remain "discriminatory". Some unions do support though, SPLIT THE UNIONS. Some court cases where some just flat out refused to work alongside blacks. Sharing the burden of the war, didn't get the same equality.

Gave stipends to returning soldiers, and also helped them go to college. It helped them purchase homes, helped veterans find jobs, and was thought of a perfect way to ease the stress of the war. About 16 million veterans took advantage of the benefits. Also extremely important b/c there was no discrimination, both blacks and white veterans could take advantage of the Bill. While this was good, things like redlining reduced the benefits and positives of the bill for African Americans. Important b/c it is one of the examples of how some of FDR's New Deal policies failed from the aspect of equality,

Red-lining was the practice of realtors not selling houses to AA's in white suburbs after WWI even though they had just as much right in the GI Bill. but once a community had a black family in it, it was known as a red community, giving rise to the term red-lining. Once a suburb was red it was hard to sell any homes, and usually the area saw a lot of whites leaving and it turning into a all-black community. Important b/c it is one of the examples of how some of FDR's New Deal policies failed from the aspect of equality, and that while on paper the GI bill was not discriminatory, in practice it was.

The theory that America has led a unique path, that we are the only ones that can lead and enforce the rest of the world. We are the only ones who have the ability to establish the Four Freedom's all over the world. This also goes along with the ideas of AMERICAN CENTURY, and the CENTURY OF ABUNDANCE, as we were undoubtedly becoming the biggest superpower in the world. We are also able to see this idea in MANIFEST DESTINY, as we believe that we control our own destiny, and have the right to tell others how they should prosper as well. Mainly the idea of America ending the war, forging peace, and America taking a leading role in formation cooperating partnerships around the world. We are uniquely suited to run foreign pollicy. It also copmlicated our relationship to Soviet Union. Important specifically for Fukiyama's idea of the End of History, as in my opinion he is correct and with the 'victory' of the cold war and the perceived complete domination of the American ideal of liberal capitalism, it seemed to many as though America was the best country in the world.

International conferences, first one in Teran in 1943, started to talk through post-war settlement. The 2nd was the biggest of the three, in 1945. Important b/c it established the post-war world order, and was the first time that America really came out of its isolationism and teamed up with European countries. Also important b/c it helped establish the UN, which was a much better version than the League of Nations, which was established after WWI, and ultimately failed. Important b/c leaders after this war were determined to do it right and help there not be a WWIII, and it has proved to be much more successful than it's predecessor. Showed the the USSR and US were on good terms. Actually shared values, freedom from want, social justice, equality among all citizens. Superpowers that the colonized nations that became liberated remained friendly with us, and that they would be "minor players".

Founded in 1945 and replaced the less adept League of Nations. It has 5 permanent members and 6 rotating members, it came out of WWII and the failed League of Nations. The aims of it were mostly to never have a WWIII, and to do that this organization would facilitate cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and ultimately the achievement of world peace. Important b/c it was created to stop any more wars between countries, and for the most part it has been extremely successful. Important b/c it marked a change in America's isolationism, US becomes a global leader. Also trying to spread the Four Freedoms, and mostly trying to prevent what happened after WWI, and the failed League of Nations.Marshal Plan came from the Us, and was carried out by parts of the UN. Important to remember Soviet's at one time were part of UN, and were working together with the US to ensure we didn't have WWIII, but eventually split after the division of Germany.

Was the large scale economic program from 1947-1951 done by the US for rebuilding and creating a stronger economic foundation for the countries of Europe. It was named after Secretary of State George Marshall. Important b/c it gave Europe the support it needed to rebuild after WWII, and not fall into the same trap as after WWI. Also important b/c it marked one of the first policies of the UN actually being carried out, and marked an even bigger milestone b/c America was the one who proposed it, and it showed our willingness to get away from our isolationism and become involved in European affairs.