History 101 Chapters 1-3 Terms

A religious doctrine that affirmed that individuals who possessed saving grace were exempt from the rules of good behavior and from the laws of the community. In puritan New England, such beliefs were generally regarded as heresy

A religious doctrine that held good works and faith could lead to salvation. In puritan New England, this was regarded as heresy akin to Catholicism because it implied that God’s will was contingent on the acts of man.

The transfer of plants, animals, and diseases from Europe, Africa, and Asia to and from the Americas after Columbus’s fateful voyage in 1492.

The Spanish term for “conquerors” specifically the explorers, adventurers, and soldiers who crushed the native peoples of the Americas.

A feudal labor arrangement, imposed in the Spanish settlers were granted a certain number of Indian subjects who were obliged to pay tribute in goods and labor.

Businesses in which investors pooled capital for specific purposes, such as conducting trade and founding colonies. Examples include the English joint-stock companies that founded the Virginia, Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay colonies.

An agreement, signed aboard the Mayflower among the Pilgrims en route to Plymouth Plantation (1620) to establish a body politic and to obey the rules of the governors they chose.

The Calvinist belief, accepted by New England puritans, that God had determined who would receive eternal grace at the dawn of time; nothing people did in their lifetime could alter their prospects of salvation.

A religious movement of the sixteenth century initially focused on eliminating corruption in the Catholic Church; but under the influence of theologians Martin Luther and John Calvin, it indicted Catholic theology and gave rise to various denominations that advanced alternative interpretations.

A term. Initially derisive, referring to English religious dissenters who believed that the religious practices and administration of the Church of England too closely resembled those of the Catholic Church; many migrated to Massachusetts Bay after 1630 to establish a religious commonwealth based on the principles of John Calvin and others.

Adherents of a religious organization founded in England in the 1640s who believed that the Holy Spirit lived in all people; they embraced pacifism and religious tolerance, and rejected formal theology. In the decades after 1670s, thousands of Quakers emigrated to New Jersey and Pennsylvania

Negotiated by the pope In 1494, this treaty resolved the territorial claims of Spain and Portugal; In the Western Hemisphere Portugal was granted Brazil, while Spain was granted nearly all of the remaining lands.

An armed uprising in 1676, led by Nathaniel Bacon, against Virginia governor Sir William Berkeley. Initially the rebels attacked Indian settlements but later moved against Berkeley’s political faction and burned Jamestown, capital of the colony. After Bacon’s death that year, the rebellion collapsed.

The peaceful accession of William II, a Protestant, and Queen Mary to the British throne in 1688, ending the Catholic rule of James II. Manny colonists rebelled against governors who had been appointed by James II and demanded greater political rights.

A modification of puritan practice, adopted by many Congregational churches during the 1650s and afterwards, that allowed baptized puritans who had not experienced saving grace to acquire partial church membership and receive sacraments.