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Cards In This Set
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At what age is a child able to potty train?
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Infants are able to potty train after the nerves that supply external anal sphincter become fully myelinates thus allowing voluntary control
(About 2 yrs old) |
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What changes occur in the anus, rectum and prostate of aging adults?
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Prostate begings to enlarge during middle adult years
Autonomically controlled internal sphincter loses tone. External sphincter can't control bowels alone (resulting in fecal incontinence) |
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List 7 Risk factors or colorectal CA
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- >50 yrs
-family or personal hx -diet high in beef and animal fats, low in fiber -obesity -smoking -physical inactivity -increased alcohol intake |
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List six risk factors for prostate CA
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->50yrs
-Black -family hx -diet high in animal fat -hormones - cumulative exposure of prostate to high levels of androgens -physical inactivity |
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How do you position males for a rectal exam? Females?
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Males- postion in L lateral decubitus or standing w/toes pointed together
Females- lithotomy (if assessing genitalia also) or L lateral decubitus (if rectal alone) |
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DRE
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Digital rectal exam
Should be preformed on all men >50 Black males >40 |
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How would you describe any abnormalities of the perianal area?
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In clock face terms, with 12 o'clock being at the spine
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Describe what the following stool characteristics indicate:
-jelly-like mucous shreds mixed in stool -bright red blood on stool surface -bright red blood mixed in feces -black tarry stools w/ malodor -black stool -very light or grey stool -pale yellow, greasy, fatty stool |
-jelly-like mucous shreds indicate inflammation
-bright blood on stool surface=rectal bleeding -bright blood mixed w/feces= bleed in large intestine -black, tarry, malodor= upper GI bleed -black stool= can be caused by meds (iron preperation, Peptobismal) -very light tan/grey stool= may indicate GB problems -pale yellow, greasy fatty stools= malabsorption (Celiac disease, Cystic fibrosis) |
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Are pencil like stools okay?
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Intermittent pencil like stools are okay (probably caused by muscle spasm)
Persistent pencil look stools need to be investigated as they may indicate a tumor |
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What do the following characteristics of stool indicate?
-aluminum colored stool -small flecks of blood stained mucus in liquid feces |
Aluminum colored stool= mix of melena (blood) and fat in stool (malabsorption, bacterial, parasitic, pancreatic CA)
Small flecks of blood stained mucous in liquid feces= usually parasitic |
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T/F: Older adults have less risk of developing polyps and CA
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False: Older adults are more likely to have polyps and are at higher risk for CAs
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Pilonidal cyst
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Hair containing cyst or sinus located in midline over coccyx or lower sacrum. Often opens as a dimple with visible tuft of hair and possibly an erythematous halo. Palpable sinus tract is advanced. Usually congenital and asymptomatic until secondary infection causes pain and inflammation
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Eliptical incision
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Vertical incision used to treat pilonidal cysts
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Anal carcinoma
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Skin CA (most are squamous cell associated w/HPV)
S/S: asymptmatic or may report bleeding from anus/rectum, pain/pressure in perianal area, lump near anus, itching or discharge from anus, change in bowel habits (constipation, diarrhea, thinning of stools). May present w/ raised erythematous mucosa, white scaling mucosa, pigmented mucosa, mucosal ulceration, or verrucous lesion |
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Perianal Abcesses
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Infection of soft tissues surrounding anal canal. Tender, swollen mass in superficial SQ tissue adjacent to anus
S/S: Pain, tenderness, fever, pain w/defecation, sitting, walking |
