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Cards In This Set
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Define green crime.
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Green crime = crime against the environment.
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How is green crime global? Give examples.
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Regardless of the division of the world into separate nation-states, the planet is a single eco-system - threats to the eco-system are increasingly global in nature.
eg. Atmospheric pollution from industry in one country can turn into acid rain that falls in another country, leading to their waters being poisoned and forests being destroyed. eg. An accident in the nuclear industry, such as Chernobyl in Ukraine in 1986, can spread radioactive material over 1,000s of miles, showing how a problem caused in one locality can have worldwide effects. These show that most of the threats to human well being and the eco-system are now human-made rather than natural (like drought/famine). |
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What does Beck (1992) argue about today's late modern society in terms of resources, the inscrease in productivity and the technology that sustains it.
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Beck argues that in today's late modern society, we can now provide adequate resources for all (at least in developed countries). The massive increase in productivity and the technology that sustains it have created new, 'manufactured risks' - dangers that we have never faced before.
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What do many of the new 'manufactured risks' involve?
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Many of the new 'manufactured risks' involve harm to the environment and its consequences for humanity, such as global warming caused by greenhouse gas emissions from industry.
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Like climate change, many of these 'manufactured risks' are global rather than local in nature. Therefore, Beck describes late modern society as what?
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Global risk society.
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How would traditional criminologists view pollution that causes global warming that is perfectly legal and no crime has been committed in producing it?
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Traditional criminologists are not concerned with such behaviour since its subject matter is defined by the criminal law and no law has been broken.
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What is the starting point for traditional criminology's approach?
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The starting point for this approach is the national and international laws and regulations concerning the environment.
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How do Situ and Emmons (2000) define environmental crime?
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Environmental crime is 'an unauthorised act of omission that violates the law'.
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What do traditional criminologists tend to investigate?
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They tend to investigate patterns and causes of law breaking.
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What is an advantage of the trad. crim. approach to green crime?
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There is clearly defined subject matter.
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What is a disadvantage to the trad. crim. approach to green crime?
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It accepts official definitions of environmental problems and crimes which are often shaped by powerful groups to serve their OWN INTERESTS.
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What sort of approach to green crime do green criminologists take? What notion does their approach start from?
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A radical approach. It starts from the notion of HARM rather than criminal law. In their eyes, many environmental crimes are not illegal so their subject matter is much wider than traditional criminologists.
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According to White (2008), a green criminologist, what is the 'proper subject of criminology'?
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According to white, the proper subject of criminology is any action that harms the physical environment and/or the human/non-human animals within it, even if no law has been broken.
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Why can legal definitions not provide a consistent standard of harm?
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Legal definitions cannot provide a consistent standard of harm as different countries have different laws so the same harmful action may be a crime in one country but not in another. They are the product of individual nation-states and their political processed.
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As a result of moving away from a legal definition of green crime, green criminologists can develop what?
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They can develop a GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE on environmental harm.
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