General and Organic Chemistry - Chapter 5 - Solutions and Colloids

The fraction of a solution in which the other components (solute) are dissolved

A substance that is dissolved in a solvent to produce a solution

1. The distribution of particles in a solution is uniform
2. The components of a solution do not seperate on standing
3. The components of a solution cannot be seperated by filtration
4. For many solvent/solute combinations, it is possile to make solutions of many different compositions
5. Solutions are transparent
6. Solutions can be separated into pure components; the separation is a physical change, not a chemical change

The maximum amount of a solutee that dissolves in a given amount of solvent at a given temperature.
* solubility is a physcial constant
* each solid has a different solubility in every liquid
- those with low solubility are said to be insoluble
- those with higher solubility are said to be soluble
- some liquids are insoluble in each other, as for example gasoline in water (polar / non polar)
- Other liquids have limited solubility in each other, as for example, ether in water (6g/100g H₂O).
- Still other liquids are sompletely soluble in each other, as for example, ethanol and water

A solution that contains the maximum amount of a solute that can be dissolved at equilibrium at a given temperature.

A solution that contains less than the maximum amount of a solute that can be dissolved at a given temperature

A solution that contains more than the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved under equilibrium conditions at a given temperature; when this solution is disturbed in any way, the excess solute separates and the equilibrium solubility is restored.

Nature of the solvent and solute
Temperature
Pressure

The more similar two compounds are, the more likely it is that one is soluble in the other
Polar compounds dissolve in polar solutions
Non polar compounds dissolve in non polar solutions

The solubility of solids in liquids generaly increases as temperature increases
The solubility of gases in liquids almost always decreases as temperature increases

Pressure has little effect on the solubility of liquids or solids in each other
The solubility of a gas in a liquid increases as pressure increases, as for example the solubility of CO₂ in carbonated beverages.

(w/v) weight of solute per volume of solution: (according to slide 9 - chapter 5 it is in 100mL)
(w/w) weight of solute per weight of solution:
(v/v) volume of solute per volume of solution:

Moles of solutie per litre of solution

Http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistry-test-questions/tp/Concentration-And-Molarity-Test-Questions.htm

For very dilute solutions, we someimes express concentration is parts per million (ppm), or even parts per billion (ppb)
Part per million
* may be either w/w, w/v, or v/v; which every quantites are sed, the units in which each is reported must be the same
Parts per billion are calculated in the same way.