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Political communication
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The means by which political information is produced and disseminated, and the effects that it has on the political process.
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Fourth estate
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A term used to describe the political role of journalists.
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Mass media
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Channels of communication that reach a large number of people. Television, radio, and the internet are examples.
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Social media
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Interactive online platforms which facilitate collective or individual communication for the exchange of user-generated content.
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Echo chamber
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The phenomenon by which ideas circulate inside a closed system, and users seek out only those sources of information that confirm or amplify their values.
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Internet troll
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Someone who deliberately tries to offend or to start online arguments by posting inflammatory and provocative comments.
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Bot
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An application that runs automated tasks on the internet, including the mass distribution of political messages.
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Post-truth
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The idea that appeals to emotions and personal beliefs have become more influential in shaping public opinion and public policy than objective facts.
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Transmission model
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A model that distinguishes between five different elements or components in any communication, of which the message itself is only one.
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Self-selection
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The choice of media sources made by an individual. For example, people who are already conservative will most likely choose conservative sources of news.
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Propaganda
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Information used to promote a particular political cause or ideology with a view to controlling or changing public minds.
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