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Civic culture
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A set of specific attitudes which are crucial to the success of modern democracies.
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Bourgeois ideology
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A Marxist term, denoting ideas and theories that serve the interests of the bourgeoisie by disguising the contradictions of capitalist society.
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‘Digital’ media
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A generic term for the many different forms of electronic communication made possible through digital or computer technology.
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Social media
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Forms of electronic communication that facilitate social interaction and the formation of online communities through the exchange of user-generated content.
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Free press
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Newspapers (and, by extension, other media outlets) that are free from censorship and political interference by government and, usually, are privately owned.
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Presidentialization
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A growing emphasis on personal leadership, in line with the role and powers of an executive president.
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Celebrity politics
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Either or both the cultivation of ‘celebrityhood’ by elected politicians, or interventions by stars of popular culture into the political domain.
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Spatial leadership
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The tendency of political leaders to distance themselves from their parties and governments by presenting themselves as ‘outsiders’, or developing their own political stance or ideological position.
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E-democracy
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The use of computer-based technologies to deepen and enhance citizens’ engagement in democratic processes.
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E-campaigning
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The use of computer-based technologies to publicize, organize, lobby, and raise funds for the selection or election of candidates for political office.
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Censorship
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A policy or act of control over what can be said, written, published or performed in order to suppress what is considered morally or politically unacceptable.
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Spin
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The presentation of information so as to elicit the desired response, or being ‘economical with the truth’.
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Fake news
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False and usually sensational information disseminated under the guise of news reporting.
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Post-truth
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A condition in which objective, evidence-based knowledge has lost its authority, meaning that the distinction between truth and lies becomes immaterial.
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Anti-intellectualism
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A stance that questions or rejects the value of knowledge, intelligence, science, academics, and intellectuals generally.
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