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Economic security
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The ability to maintain prosperity in a world of scarcity.
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Competing economic blocs
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Groups of states in economic competition organized around the economies and currencies of major economic powers.
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Flexible alliances
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Temporary alliances in which states form pacts but shift from one partner to the other depending on the circumstances.
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Fixed alliances
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Alliances in which countries remain allied with the same partners over long periods of time.
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Soft balancing
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Steps to constrain or hobble a great power (such as the United States today) that fall well short of the significant mobilization of military power in opposition to that power or the formation of security alliances united against the power.
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Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)
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An agreement among Russia, China, and the central Asian states of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan formed in 2001 to enhance the security of member states against threats of terrorism and ethnic conflict.
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End of history
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The end of ideological conflict and the victory of liberal values.
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Clash of civilizations
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The idea that international conflict in the future will be characterized not by interstate conflict but rather by conflict between civilizations, a term that incorporates religious, cultural, ethnic, and, to some extent, linguistic similarity.
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Global fracture
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A model of the future international system in which sovereign states give way to various ‘zones’ with differing characteristics.
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Pre-modern world
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A haven of lawlessness where states cannot wield authority over subnational actors who control territory, command the allegiance of parts of the population, and may even control private armies.
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Modern world
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The traditional system of Westphalian nationstates in which sovereign governments control their countries internally and mobilize resources to pursue national interests.
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Post-modern world
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States that have given up their sovereignty in favor of larger, civilian-led cooperative unions (such as the EU).
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