Can You Define the Following Punctuation Flashcards

Define- A dependent clause that provides background information or "sets the stage" for the main part of the sentence.Example- Before the show could begin, the lights instruments had to be tuned. *Begins with: after, although, because, before, if, since, though, until, when

Define- consists of the participle and the modifier and/or (pro)noun that function as the direct object, indirect object, or complement of the action expressed in the participle. The whole phrase will modify a noun or pronoun.Example- Sentence 1- Captain Leah allowed her teammates to voice their opinions in a democratic manner.Sentence 2- This democratic attitude promoted a feeling of unification among the teammates. Combined- Allowing her teammates to voice their opinions in a democratic manner, Leah promoted a feeling of unification throughout the team. *The participle phrase modifies Leah

Define- used to join 2 independent clauses when the second clause restates the first, or when the second clause begins with a conjunctive adverb/ a transition, or to join elements of a series when individual terms already include commas. Example 1- Citizens all around the country are in fear of their lives; earthquakes are hitting every major city, and killing people by the thousands.Example 2- Body image has been a major issue among teenage girls for years; therefore teen magazines are filled with images of skinny women.Example 3- Social networking has taken over a significant part of human life; images are uploaded by the second from cities all over the country such as New York, New York; Asheville, North Carolina; Los Angeles, California.

However, therefore, moreover, furthermore, thus, meanwhile, nonetheless, otherwise

By using coordinating conjunctions. The second independent clause must begin with a coordinating conjunction with a comma before the coordinating conjunction. Example- Asheville high won the football game, but it was a close battle to the finish. Coordinating Conjunctions- and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet.

By adverbial conjunctions otherwise known as independent marker words. Define- a connecting word used at the beginning of an independent clause. These words can always begin a sentence that can stand alone. When the second independent clause in a sentence has an adverbial conjunction a semicolon is needed before the adverbial conjunction and a comma after. Example- The Cougars won the game; however, the coach was not pleased with the close outcome of the game.

The dash is used to set off parenthetical information and provide emphasis. Example- There have recently been an increase-although strictly opposed- in alternative education practices.

Loose Sentence- a sentence in which the essential elements, in the main clause, come first, followed by subordinate parts, modifiers, etc., as in a compound sentence.Example- Alix began to write her novel early in the morning. Example 2- She decided to study Genetics though she was interested in dance.Periodic- a sentence in which the essential elements, in the main clause, are withheld until the end or separated as by modifiers or subordinate clauses.Example- Early in the morning, Alix began to write her novel.Example 2- Although she was interested in dance, she finally decided to study Genetics.

1. Used to emphasize the content within the dashes or the content that follows a dash. Places more emphasis then parenthesis. Example 1- One reason the stock market keeps falling-plummeting to its death in which it may see no return- is because investors fear a slowdown in economic growth. Example 2- To some of you, I may seem radical-even revolutionary.2. Used to set off an appositive (a word that adds explanatory information to the noun that follows) phrase that includes commas. Example- The soccer players-Ruth, Erica, and Emily-were on the field ready to play.

-Used to join 2 independent clauses when emphasis on the second is desired. Example- Sam suffered a leg injury: both the femur and tibia were broken with ligaments and tendons pulled as well. -Used after an independent clause when it is followed by a list, a quotation, appositive, or directly related idea.Example 1- Isabella needed to check off her school supplies from the list: pencil, pen, notebook, dividers and paper.Example 2- In Vonnegut's book Slaughterhouse Five the narrator remembers the massacre as short and unexplainable: "It is so short and jumbled and jangled, Sam, because there is nothing intelligent to say about a massacre."Example 3- The crowd spoke up as a single voice: a dictator. -Used at the end of a business letter, in time notation, and in biblical references.

Singular- each, another, no one, anybody, somebody, nobody, everybody, one, anyone, everyone, someone, neither, either, nothing, anything, everything, somethingPlural- both, several, few, manyBoth- some, any, none, all, most

Define- using the same pattern of words to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance. Joined with coordinating conjunctions. -The -ing form- singing, acting, dancing-The infinitive form- to sing, to act, to danceParallel- Meredith likes singing, acting, and dancing. Not Parallel- Meredith likes singing, acting and to dance. Parallel- The owner was pleased with the worker because he performed the task, managed the employee's and promoted enthusiasm. Not Parallel- The owner was pleased with the worker because he performed the task, managed the employee's and his enthusiasm was high.

Define- a dangling modifier is a word or phrase that modifies a word not clearly stated in the sentence*dangling modifiers occur when the subject of the modifier is unclear*misplaced modifier occur when the subject of the modifier is unclear because the modifier is poorly placed.Example- The toys were stuck in the chimney. Correct- The toys in the chimney were stuck.Avoid them-1. name the doer as the subject of the main clause.Example- Having eaten dinner, the dessert was put on the table.Correct- Having eaten dinner, Jill put the dessert on the table.2. change the phrase that dangles to an introductory clause by naming the doer.Example- Without super powers, it was impossible to for see the future. Correct- Because Claire did not have super powers, it was impossible to for see the future.3. Combine the phrase and main clause together.Example- To win So You Think You Can Dance, Jeanine auditioned again the next year.Correct- Jeanine won So You Think You Can Dance by auditioning again the next year.

Active Voice- the subject of the sentence performs the action expressed in the verb.*By making the subject perform the action rather than stating the task accomplished.Active- They closed the gym early today. Passive- The gym was closed early today.Active- They were going to have a hearty breakfast before driving in to the hustle and bustle of the big apple.Passive- The hearty breakfast was necessary before driving in to the hustle and bustle of the big apple.

Abstract Language- refers to things that are intangible, that are perceived not through the senses but the mind.Ex. truth, education, transportation, poetry, warConcrete Language- refers to things perceived through the senses that are tangible.Ex. cat, tree, car, book, crown