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Rhyme
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The ends of words have the same sound. Usually at the ends of lines in poetry, but may be internal (within a line). - Makes the text memorable and can make poems amusing. Can tie together the middle and ends of verses.
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Rhythm
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A regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables. - Makes the text as a whole more memorable and makes it flow better.
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Alliteration
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Repetition of the same consonant sound at the beginning of words- usually close in succession. - Makes small section of the text hang together and flow better. Draws our attention to this phrase. Creates a harder or softer mood in line with the meaning.
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Assonance
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Vowel Sounds are repeated at the beginning or middle of nearby words. - Makes small section of the text flow better. Draws our attention to this phrase. Repetition of vowels generally gives a soft, quiet, calm mood unless the sounds are the short vowels; e.g. cat and pet.
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Onomatopoeia
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Words sound like the sounds they name. - This helps us hear the actual sound being named and therefore we understand it properly or it transports us to the place of the sound.
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Parallel Construction
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Using the same word class order twice (in same or two sentences). - Parallel Construction provides rhythm while it expands the detail of the description and creates balance.
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Choice of words (vocab)
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Using more unusual, specialized or technical words. Sometimes more unusual words provide more specific meaning than common ones. Specialized or technical words makes it seem like the writer/speaker really knows the topic.
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Use of slang
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Most likely used in direct speech. - Grounds the text in informality as well as a certain social group and a period of time.
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Use of direct or indirect speech
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Quoting or reporting spoken words. - Makes the character come alive. We can hear the way he/she speaks-the actual vocab, grammar and tones.
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Symbolism
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Use of an object (concrete noun) to represent some emotion or belief system or other abstract noun. - These are a form of shorthand to emotions-an author can use a symbol so that the reader understands the emotion invested without spelling it out-the image (mental or actual) conjures up certain memories/emotions when he/she sees the symbol.
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Euphemism
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Use of a less objectionable or harsh expression to avoid upsetting or offending people. - Amusement in the reader or revealing the character of the person using it (squeamish or kindhearted etc).
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Neologism
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New word-an invented word. - Newness/novelty/difference from ordinary words makes it stand out-the reader will remember them.
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Emotive language
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Choice of words which have been specifically chosen to invoke an emotional response in the reader - The attitude and emotions of the author are made clear to the reader.
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Sarcasm and Irony
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Attitudes/emotions of the author are made clear (often as contempt or disdain or just a strong viewpoint)
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Use of numbers/statistics
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Gives the impression that the author is authoritative and knowledgeable.
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