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What are the hormones of the anterior pituitary? Which ones are basophilic? Acidophilic?
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FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, GH prolactin, and melanotropin. FSH, LH, ACTH and TSH are basophilic (B-FLAT)GH and prolactin are acidophilic.
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Which hormones share a common α subunit?
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TSH, FSH, LH and hCG.
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WHere are the cell bodies of the hypothalamohypophysial tract located? What do they secrete?
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In the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the thalamus. They secrete vasopressin (ADH) and oxytocin, respectively.
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What are thyroid follicular cells? How do they stain?
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Simple cuboidal epithelial cells that line the follicular cavity and secrete thyroid hormones T3 and T4. Stain basophilic and PAS positive.
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What are thyroid parafollicular cells?
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C cells, separated from the colloid by follicular cells. Larger, more lightly staining than folliicular cells, these cells secrete calcitonin, a hormone that lowers blood calcium levels and is secreted into the capillary bed.
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What is the clinical presentation of hypoparathyroidism?
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Low serum Ca2+, tetany, increased serum phosphate and decreased urinary phosphate excretion.
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What are the two cell types in the parathyroid glands?
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Chief cells (small, polyhedral, with round nuclei) secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH). Oxyphil cells (large, less numerous than chief cells, eosinophilic), unknown function.
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What is the embryological origin of the adrenal cortex? Medulla?
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Adrenal cortex is derived from mesoderm, medulla derived from neural crest cells.
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What hormone is made by the zona glomerulosa? What i the primary regulatory control?
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Aldosterone. Primarily stimulated by angiotensin and K+ (to a lesser extent ACTH and ANP).
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What hormones are made in the zona fasciculata? What controls their release?
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Glucocorticoids (cortisol) and sex hormones, under the control of ACTH and CRH.
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How does the drainage of the left and right adrenal gland differ? What other organ has similar drainage?
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Right adrenal gland -> right adrenal vein -> IVCLeft adrenal gland -> left adrenal vein -> left renal vein -> IVC(same as gonads)
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What are the 3 major cell types of the pancreatic islets? What do they secrete?
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α cells: secrete glucagon (primarily in the periphery of the islets)
β cells: secrete insulin (found mainly in the center of the islets)δ cells: secrete somatostatin (acts locally to inhibit secretion of insulin and glucagon, found scattered throughout the islets) |
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What is the stimulus for insulin production?
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ATP from glucose metabolism closes K+ channel, depolarizing the cell.
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Certain cells don't need insulin for glucose uptake. Which ones?
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Brain, RBC, intestine, cornea, kidney and liver.
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What is C-peptide?
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The residue from cleavage of proinsulin to insulin.
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