Emotions (faces)

A) Look at only two areas for unambiguous · Brows/Eyes or Eyes/Mouth o i. Eyebrows are raised o ii. Skin below the brow is stretched o iii. Wrinkled are pulled all the way across the forehead o iv. Eyelids are open o v. Jaw drops open so that lips and teeth are parted B) Major clue to intensity of emotion is in the lower face! Extent of the jaw drop

· Eyes blink · Head moves back · Lips retract · There is a jumping movement · can be elicited even when anticipating it

A) Need only 2 areas for unambiguous · Brows/ Eyes or Eyes Mouth o i. Brows are raised and drawn together o ii. Wrinkles in forehead are in center, not across entire forehead o iii. The upper eyelid is raised, exposing sclera, and lower eyelid is tense B) Intensity is shown in eyes (muscle and everything around the eyes) . The mouth becomes increasingly stretched and opened with increases of emotion

A) Need only 2 areas for · Mouth/Nose and to a lesser extent, the eyes o i. Upper Lip is raised o ii. Lowe is also raised and pushed up to the upper lip o iii. Nose is wrinkled o iv. Cheeks are raised and this changes the appearance of the lower eyelid, namely o v. Lines show below the lower lid and the lid is pushed up, but not tense o vi. Brow is lowered, lowering the upper lid B. Intensity is shown by the degree of nose wrinkling

Need all 3 areas for · Brows are lowered and drawn together · Vertical lines appear between the brows · Lower eyelid is tense and raised · The upper lid is tense and maybe lowered by the action of the brow · Eyes have a hard stare and may have bulging appearance · Lips in either of 2 positions: - Pressed Firmly together or Opened and tense in a squarish shape as if shouting B) Intensity of emotion can be shown in how much tension is in the eyelids (or bulge in the eye) or how tightly the lips are pressed together

Need only two facial areas for: · Lower Face and lower eyelids o i. Corners of the lips are drawn back and up o ii. Mouth May be parted with teeth exposed o iii. A wrinkle appears (naso-labial fold) runs down from the nose to the outer edge beyond the lip B) Intensity: Determined by positioning of the lips. Opening of the mouth, does not increase intensity. Instead, the spreading, back of the corners of the lip does it .

2 Areas: · Eye Brows/ Forehead and eye lids o i. Inner corners of the eyebrows are drawn up o ii. Skin below eyebrow is triangulated with the inner corner up o iii. Corners of the lips are down or lip is trembling B) Intensity is conveyed by more or less involvement of the different facial areas.

· 1) Lack of concern about anger. Control of anger was not highly valued. · 2) Public expression of anger was common. Anger defended the integrity of the individual and the family. · 3) Idea of restraining anger as an obligation of civilized behavior had not yet taken hold. · 4) Kids were not taught to identify and restrain their anger. · 5) Parents used will breaking techniques to prevent children from expressing anger against them. Emphasis was on obedience, rather than emotional control. They used physical punishment, and denial of gratification.

· 1) Began to value love, Husbands and wife were cursed to be affectionate. Therefore, anger must be controlled. · 2) Kids increasingly were viewed as objects for love · 3) The word “Tantrums” was created, so they could refer to things you were not supposed to do (to convey disapproval of anger)

· 1) Saw family as an island of safety. Disliked the rise of new market conditions, and industrialization. · 2) Viewed the work world as full of strife and chaos. Home was a place of piece · 3) They believed in the angel in the house myth. Wife were to cultivate good temper at home, because husbands coming from a chaotic workplace would gladly yield to the influence of a gentle spirit at home · 4) Beware of the first dispute. They viewed quarrels as one time occurrences. Anger in marriage was a lapse, a mistake · 5) Little tolerance for anger in marriage for either sex. Anger meant lost of self-control · 6) Assumed marital problems could be solved if everyone acted properly. There would be no conflict and anger · 7) Anger was supposed to be mastered as part of building good character in a child.. It should be discouraged in kids.

· 1) Recognized that anger was a natural personality trait. · 2) Believed anger could be put into good use. When justifiable, anger was manly and admirable · 3) Definition of a desirable person shifted. kids incapable of anger were viewed as lacking individuality · 4) Greater recognition that kids naturally get angry · 5) Anger could be channeled into competitive drive (for boys) + moral indignation for girls · 6) Anger was inappropriate in home · 7) For boys, they should channel anger into boxing · 8) For girls, mothers were to show their daughters targets requiring reform

· 1) This stage of anger control began not in the home but at work. Unionization, strikes, high labor turnover, growing contact with women workers prompted concern about how to manage workers · 2) Mayo found that: o (a) Worker anger had nothing to do with the job. Workers brought anger to the job from the home. This reversed the 19^th century notion that anger was generated at work, and then brought home. o (b) Anger in workplace could be talked out · 3) To create harmony at work required restraints from supervisors and employees. So experts urged a benign emotional style labeled the managerial style.

· 1) Parents advised not to repress anger – not to punish it. Openness was new key. Allow expression of anger to prevent a festering that would lead to deeper anger later in life. But don’t accept anger as a permanent ingredient of personality or to channel it · 2) Mature behavior consist of solving problems w/out anger. Parents had to teach kids expression of anger was wrong. Anger was to be controlled. The managerial style: Fighting fair in marriage