Earth Science Review

Using indirect evidence; including seismic waves and observing the lava that flows out of the Earth at volcanoes.

Crust, mantle, and the core.

Oceanic crust - more dense, made of basalt

Continental Crust - less dense, made of granite

The Magnetic and Geographic North pole.

The heat transfer by the movement of a heated fluid.

Heated particles or molecules begin to flow, which transfers the heat from one part of the fluid to another.

Differences in temperature and density within a fluid causes heat transfer by convection.

Alfred Wegener's hypothesis was that all of the continents had once been joined into one land mass or 'super continent' called Pangaea. Pangaea broke apart 225 million years ago and gave rise to today's continents.

They hypothesis that the continents slowly move across the Earth's surface.

The preserved remains or traces of living things.

The undersea mountain chain where new ocean floor is produced; a divergent plate boundary.

A system that determines the distance of an object by recording echoes of sound waves; gets its name from sound navigation and ranging.

The process by which molten material adds new oceanic crust to the ocean floor.

From landforms:
Mountains and various landforms of Earth fit together like jigsaw puzzles.
From fossils:
Fossils from the same/similar animals were spread out across land masses that were thought to have once been joined; fossils could not be carried
From climate:
Places with cold climates having signs of once being tropical (warmer), with glacial deposits and having tropical fossils

He could not provide an explanation for how the continents actually moved and what force was pushing them.